学龄儿童维生素A营养状况及其与铁的相关性研究

为观察学龄儿童维生素A(VA)营养状况、亚临床VA缺乏患病率及VA与铁的相关性 ,对北京房山山区 1 0 1 2名 7～ 1 3岁学龄儿童进行膳食调查 ,随机抽取 30 5名儿童 ,静脉采血于避光下分离血清 ,用高效液相色谱法检测血清VA含量 ,同时测定其血清铁蛋白 (SF)、红细胞游离原卟啉 (FEP)和血红蛋白 (Hb) ,并依现行标准将其分为正常、铁缺乏 (ID)、红细胞生成缺铁期 (IDE)与缺铁性贫血 (IDA)四组 ,观察VA与铁的相关性。结果显示受检儿童膳食总能量、蛋白质和铁平均每日摄入量均达到膳食营养素的推荐摄入量 (RNI)及适宜摄入量 (AI) ,但平均每日VA摄入量为 (51 3 7± 2 86 1 ) μgRE ,仅占RNI的 59 7% ;血清VA平均含量为(1 0 1± 0 2 9) μmol L ,血清VA低于 1 0 5μmol L者占受检儿童的 59 0 % ,其中 1 2 8%的儿童血清VA低于0 70 μmol L ,正常及以上者仅占 41 0 %。并观察到血清VA含量与机体铁状况有相互随对方下降而减低的趋势。结果表明 ,该地区儿童存在明显的VA缺乏 ,应加强营养教育、改善不合理的膳食结构并通过适当的VA防治予以纠正     

初中生攻击行为相关影响因素分析

目的探讨初中生攻击行为及其相关影响因素，筛选出主要危险因素，为初中生攻击行为的预防提供依据。方法应用CBCL量表、家庭环境质量表(FES-CV)对武汉市某中学646名12～16岁初中生进行调查，对其攻击行为问题及相关影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果攻击行为检出率为1．29％(其中男生为0．67％，女生为3．15％)，存在明显性别差异。单因素分析表明，初中生攻击行为的发生与家庭类型、父母对孩子的教育态度、父母对孩子的期望、孩子与老师的关系、孩子与同学的关系、孩子与邻居的关系、居住地社会风气等明显相关；无论男、女，CBCL攻击性因子得分与FES-CV亲密度、知识性行分呈显著负相关，与矛盾性得分呈正相关。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析表明初中生攻击行为主要危险因素为父母对孩子的期望过高、孩子与邻居关系不融洽、家庭矛盾性大。结论初中生攻击行为的发生受多因素影响，应采取综合干预措施。     

Ear abuse in school children

Ear abuse in school children is common in low socio-economic strata and is often associated a long-term morbidity in our country. This paper presents a study of 250 such children with discussion. Incidence of ear abuse with long term learning deficit was found to be 18.4%.     

中小学校预防烟草使用健康促进干预效果评价

[目的 ]通过开展以预防烟草使用为切入点的健康促进学校活动 ,提高中小学生预防烟草使用的知、信、行水平。 [方法 ]采用整群抽样调查方法 ,1998年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 3月 ,在嘉兴市对试点学校和对照学校学生分别进行健康知识调查后 ,在试点学校开展以预防烟草使用为重点的健康促进综合干预活动 ,对照学校按常规进行控烟健康教育。干预后再对试点学校和对照学校学生进行调查 ,并对干预效果进行评估。 [结果 ]试点学校不同学龄段中小学生相关健康知识均有所提高 ,与烟草有关的正确信念和健康行为形成率明显提高。且试点学校学生能够较之以前更为容易地获取控烟知识。 [结论 ]学校预防烟草使用健康促进项目对于提高中小学生健康知识水平 ,改善与烟草有关的健康信念 ,建立拒烟技巧等健康行为效果显著     

Medical education in the later 19th century: the science take-over

Summary. Established in 1858, the General Medical Council was responsible, inter alia, for improving the standard of medical education in Britain. It was agreed on all hands that there were serious deficiencies: there was far too much book-learning and not enough practical knowledge; students graduated who were wholly ignorant of important areas of medicine; there were 19 licensing bodies and the criteria for admission to practise differed widely. Debate continued from 1860 to 1890. A major question was, What sort of education should the student have received before he entered medical school? There were four common answers: (1) he should have received the preliminary education of ‘a well-educated gentleman’; (2) he should know a good deal about everything; (3) he should have a better knowledge of science — but how to define science?; (4) he should have done well at school, never mind what he had studied. A second major question was, How should science and practical instruction be combined in the medical curriculum? Many defended the old and not quite dead apprenticeship system; a practical ‘sandwich course’ was even suggested. The debate ended with the Report of the GMC's Education Committee in 1890, which increased the length of the medical course from 4 years to 5 and brought chemistry, physics and biology into the early years. The amount of clinical work, however, although it was supposed to increase, remained very small.     

Assessment of the reliability of school nurse height measurements in an inner-city population. (The Hackney Growth Initiative)

Summary To establish the reliability of school nurses given training in height measurement we conducted an intra- and inter-individual reliability study under field conditions. The measurements of 7 school nurses were compared with those of a trained auxologist. The pooled standard deviation of the differences between repeat measurements for the school nurses (0·32 cm) compared favourably with that of the auxologist (0·35 cm). Height measurements made by school nurses were accurate within the range of -0·53 cm to +0·64 cm when compared with the auxologist. We conclude that a single, accurate height measurement made by a school nurse would be sufficiently reliable for use in routine screening for short stature.     

Genetic Association between Atopy and Behavioral Symptoms in Middle Childhood

The relationship of atopic and behavioral symptoms in a community sample of 66 monozygotic and 141 dizygotic twin pairs, ages 4–11 years, was investigated via mother report questionnaires. Within-person correlation between atopic symptoms and Child Behavior Checklist internalizing symptoms (CBCL-INT) was .21 ( p < .001) for the total sample. Cross-correlations between atopy and CBCL-INT were .26 for monozygotic and .04 for dizygotic twins. A common and specific factor model applied to the data revealed that the cross-correlation between atopy and CBCL-INT was mainly due to genetic influences (77% of the covariance). This study supports the hypothesis that there is a shared genetic risk for atopy and internalizing symptoms.     

Selection of Auckland medical students over 25 years: a time for change?

Summary. The selection procedures used in Auckland have been reviewed, and the characteristics of those admitted over 25 years analysed. Students are admitted either as school-leavers, mature entrants, or through an affirmative action scheme. A further small number are admitted as part of overseas development assistance. School-leavers are invited for interview on the basis of their academic achievement. Mature students and the affirmative group must have a minimum acceptable academic standard, with the interview playing a dominant role. Two thousand four hundred and forty-eight students have been admitted. The mean age was 18.6 years, and 39.7% were women. Over one half of the students had a parent who had attended university and 13% had a medical parent. One in ten students failed to complete the course, academic failure and withdrawal being of equal importance. The high loss seen in the affirmative group was due to academic failure and has led to the introduction of extra tuition and support for these students. The emphasis on academic achievement by school-leavers has excluded many applicants with outstanding personal qualities. The academic staff has therefore decided to modify the selection procedure, the final rank order of these applicants being based on their personal attributes and life experiences.     

Audit of school entry health assessments: to maximise efficient use of health personnel at school entry assessments at 5 years

During the last 3 years in which doctors saw all school entrants, the decisions made about each child on examination were recorded and a protocol about decision-making to support children with health needs was drawn up. In September 1994, school entry health care assessments by the school nurses were introduced. Having previously recorded the numbers in each school who required medical interest and support, it was possible to rationalise which schools should be the primary responsibility of the nurses, which should retain medical contact for all children and in which schools assessments should be shared.The outcomes in decision making after introducing nurse assessments were recorded in the same format as used by thedoctors, so that the effect of passing responsibility to nurse colleagues could be assessed. The findings suggested that an equivalent number of children were referred to other services or selected for continuing review. However, the proportion of children whose needs were discussed with the headteacher without the children being selected for review was reduced. Issues to take forward were identified.     

初中生行为问题与父母教养方式的相关分析

目的探讨初中生行为问题与父母教养方式的相关性。方法运用父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)、Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)对上海市区一所普通中学288名11~13岁初中学生进行调查,并对结果进行相关分析、回归分析。结果初中生行为问题各因子:分裂样、抑郁、社交问题、强迫性、体诉、社交退缩、多动、攻击行为、违纪行为与父母教养方式各因素;情感温暖、理解,惩罚、严厉,过分干涉,偏爱,拒绝、否认,过度保护、偏爱显著相关。结论初中生行为问题与父母教养方式显著相关,父母应该对子女多加关注、爱护、理解、信任和鼓励,加强亲子之间的交流,避免采用惩罚、严厉,过分干涉,拒绝、否认等养育方式。