湖南省食用槟榔卫生检测结果分析

目的了解湖南市场上销售食用槟榔的卫生状况，以便加强食用槟榔的卫生管理。方法采用随机抽样方法，随机抽取市场上销售的食用槟榔，按DB43／1322004中方法进行理化与微生物指标的检测。结果2002～2004年共随机抽检食用槟榔样品81个，合格率为66．67％；三年间食用槟榔合格率差异有显著性（X^2=8．73，P〈0．05），以2004年合格率最高为84．85％；不同生产产地食用槟榔合格率差异无显著性（X^2 0．74，P〉0．05）；在所检测指标中以氟、菌落总数合格率最低，分别为76．32％、81．48％。其次为霉菌、山梨酸钾与苯甲酸钠，合格率分别为94．92％、89．85％、98．55％。有机磷农药与致病菌未检出，其它检测指标合格率达100％。结论湖南市场上食用槟榔整体合格率偏低，其主要原因是微生物指标超标，提示今后应进一步加强食用槟榔生产、包装、销售等卫生管理。     

应答驱动抽样方法在吸毒人群招募中的应用

目的在四川省凉山州地区静脉吸毒人群队列研究中，采用应答驱动抽样方法，从社区中招募研究对象调查社会人口学特征。方法利用结构式问卷调查研究对象的社会人口学特征和招募方式，比较通过种子和其他途径招募研究对象的社会人口学特征。结果在379名招募的静脉吸毒人群中，24人（6．3％）来自项目工作人员信息，46人（12．1％）来自吸毒伙伴，309人（81．5％）来自种子推荐。除民族构成外，种子介绍的与其他方式招募的研究对象在年龄、性别、职业、文化程度、年收入、婚姻和住房状况的比较上差异无统计学意义。结论采用应答驱动抽样方法从社区中招募静脉吸毒人员可行，但尚需进一步探讨其对参加者社会人口学和高危行为特征的影响。     

我国药用植物遗传多样性研究进展

遗传多样性研究是保护和利用药用植物资源的前提和基础,也是研究物种起源和演化的依据。综述了用于该项研究的几种方法和近年来的研究进展,包括形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和分子生物学技术,对所用方法的优缺点进行了比较,指出只有将几种方法有效地结合起来才能全面准确地了解某物种的遗传多样性并采取行之有效的保护和利用措施,最后对药用植物遗传多样性保护的重要性以及取样策略对研究结果的影响等进行了讨论。     

Effects of prior trauma and age on posttraumatic stress symptoms in Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants after terrorism in the community

Forty-five adult Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants living in Oklahoma City at the time of the 1995 bombing were surveyed 114 to 2 years later as part of a disaster mental health outreach program. Demographic variables, physical and interpersonal exposure, initial physiologic and emotional responses to the bombing, and posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with this disaster and with earlier trauma were measured. Most participants had experienced prior trauma in their homeland. PTSD symptomatology from prior trauma was most predictive of initial physiologic and emotional response and of later bomb-related PTSD symptoms. Bomb-related PTSD symptoms increased with current age and were inversely related to age at the time of prior trauma. Results underscore the importance of providing long-term disaster assistance to immigrants with prior trauma.     

Vaginal birth after Caesarean section: a survey of practice in Australia and New Zealand

AIMS: Women with a single prior Caesarean section (CS) in a subsequent pregnancy will be offered either a planned elective repeat CS or vaginal birth after Caesarean (VBAC). Recent reports of VBAC have highlighted risks of increased morbidity, including uterine rupture, and adverse infant outcome. A survey of practice was sent to fellows and members of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to determine current care for women in a subsequent pregnancy with a single prior CS, and to assess variations by length and type of obstetric practice. METHODS: Questions asked about the safety of VBAC, induction of labour with a uterine scar, and requirements to conduct VBAC and elective repeat CS. RESULTS: A total of 1641 surveys were distributed, with 1091 (67%) returned, 844 from practicing obstetricians (51% of college membership). Almost all respondents (96%) agreed or strongly agreed that VBAC should be presented as an option to the woman, varying from 90% where the indication for primary CS was breech, 88% for fetal distress, and 55% for failure to progress. Forty percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that VBAC was the safest option for the woman, and associated with fewer risks than CS. In contrast, 44% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that VBAC was the safest option for the infant, and opinions varied as to whether risks of VBAC outweighed those of CS for the infant. Almost two-thirds of practitioners would offer induction of labour to a woman with a prior CS in a subsequent pregnancy, one-third indicating a willingness to use vaginal prostaglandins, and 77% syntocinon. Most respondents preferred to conduct VBAC in a level two or three hospital (86%); required the availability within 30 min of an anaesthetist (81%), a neonatologist (84%), and operating theatre (97%); recommended continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (86%); intravenous access (90%); and routine group and hold (79%) during labour. For an elective repeat CS, most practitioners request routine blood for group and hold (78%), a neonatologist in theatre (77%), the use of an in-dwelling urinary catheter (96%), and the use of intraoperative antibiotics (82%). CONCLUSIONS: Most obstetricians indicated VBAC to be the safest option for the woman, but were less certain about benefits and risks for the infant. The consensus of practice is to present VBAC as an option and induce labour if needed. Vaginal birth after Caesarean is preferred in a level two or three hospital, with an anaesthetist, neonatologist and operating theatre available within 30 min. The use of continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and intravenous access are recommended. In planned CS, a neonatologist in theatre is preferred, and an in-dwelling urinary catheter an;! intraoperative antibiotics will be used.     

Age of Puberty and Sexual Orientation in a National Probability Sample

The relations between sexual orientation and age of puberty in both men and women were examined in a national probability sample of the United States. The sample was the National Health and Social Life Survey (E. O. Laumann, J. H. Gagnon, R. T. Michael, & S. Michaels, 1994), which contains 3432 cases. Gay/bisexual men reported an earlier age of puberty (e.g., age of first pubic hair) relative to heterosexual men, but lesbian/bisexual women did not report a different age of puberty (i.e., age of menarche) than heterosexual women. These results confirm findings from prior research examining age of puberty using nonrepresentative samples and add to a body of literature suggesting that gay/bisexual men may score, on average, in the female-typical direction on certain sex-dimorphic physical and developmental characteristics.     

Surface sampling methods for Bacillus anthracis spore contamination

During an investigation conducted December 17-20, 2001, we collected environmental samples from a U.S. postal facility in Washington, D.C., known to be extensively contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Because methods for collecting and analyzing B. anthracis spores have not yet been validated, our objective was to compare the relative effectiveness of sampling methods used for collecting spores from contaminated surfaces. Comparison of wipe, wet and dry swab, and HEPA vacuum sock samples on nonporous surfaces indicated good agreement between results with HEPA vacuum and wipe samples. However, results from HEPA vacuum sock and wipe samples agreed poorly with the swab samples. Dry swabs failed to detect spores >75% of the time when they were detected by wipe and HEPA vacuum samples. Wipe samples collected after HEPA vacuum samples and HEPA vacuum samples collected after wipe samples indicated that neither method completely removed spores from the sampled surfaces.     

A further note on the sampling device for the anti-mutagenicity of saliva

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the anti-mutagenicity of Salivette and test-tube sampling saliva. In addition, the relation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva was investigated. Methods Subjects were 52 healthy female university students. The collection of saliva samples was carried out using 2 sampling devices; test-tube and Salivette. The anti-mutegenicity of the saliva was measured using the umu test. Results The inhibiting capacity of Salivette-saliva was significantly lower compared with that of testube-saliva (p<0.01,t test). However, there was a significant correlation between them (r=0.35; p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the inhibiting and pH-buffering capacities of saliva (r=−0.36; p<0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that both the Salivette and the test-tube may be appropriate as saliva-sampling devices. In addition, they suggest that the bicarbonates might inhibit the anti-mutagenicity of saliva, or that the activity of substances related to the anti-mutagenicity of saliva might be dependent on pH.     

Optimal Sampling Times for Bayesian Estimation of the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Nortriptyline During Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Sampling times for Bayesian estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of an antidepressant drug, nortriptyline, during its therapeutic drug monitoring were optimized. Our attention was focused on designs including a limited number of measurements: one, two, and three sample designs in which sampling times had to be chosen between 0 and 24 hr after the last intake of a test-dose study. The optimization was conducted in four groups of patients defined by their gender and the administration or not of concomitant drugs inhibiting the metabolism of nortriptyline. The Bayesian design criterion was defined as the expected information provided by an experiment. A stochastic approximation algorithm, the Kiefer–Wolfowitz algorithm, was used for the criterion maximization under experimental constraints. Results showed that optimal Bayesian sampling times differ between patients in monotherapy and polytherapy. For one-sample designs the measurements have to be performed either at the lower (0 hr) or at the upper (24 hr) bound of the admissible interval. Replications were often found for 2- and 3-point designs. Other sampling designs can lead to criterion close to the optimum and can therefore be performed without great loss of information. In contrast, we found that several designs lead to low values of the information criterion, which justifies the approach.