唾液检测的应用进展

唾液检测是一种近年兴起的、研究比较热门的医学检查方法. 唾液中存在反映全身健康状况的生物标志物,其蕴含着大量的生物信息. 与尿液标本相比,唾液具有可实时采样的优点. 与血清标本相比,唾液采集安全方便,无创伤,无血源性疾病传播的危险,患者无痛苦,易于接受. 唾液检测正成为当前无创检验领域最具潜力和应用前景的研究热点. 总结回顾唾液检测技术的发展现状,及其在疾病诊治、药物水平检测、心理学研究、法医取证、职业和环境医学及中医辨证客观化研究方面的进展,可为进一步研究提供参考.     

Marshmallows used as saliva stimulant do not affect cortisol concentrations: finally a palatable alternative for toddler saliva collection

Two studies were conducted to validate marshmallows as a saliva stimulant for use with toddlers. First, cortisol concentrations from 14 subjects (ages 6-46 years) were compared using three saliva collection methods: (1) plain cotton dental roll, (2) dental roll with one mini-marshmallow, and (3) expectorating into a collection tube using no cotton or stimulant. EIA was used for analyses. There were no significant differences among cortisol concentrations. Second, saliva collection compliance rate was compared for 21-month-olds (n = 51) using either flavored drink crystal- (compliance rate = 16.7%) or marshmallow-flavored (compliance rate = 60%) dental rolls for saliva collection (chi(2) (1) = 4.02, p = .045). These studies indicate that marshmallow is a viable option for saliva stimulation to determine toddler cortisol concentrations using EIA.     

唾液中氰离子的五氟苄基溴衍生气相色谱法测定

目的 建立用五氟苄基溴(PFB-Br)衍生气相色谱法,电子捕获检测器(ECD)定量测定唾液中氰离子(CN^-)的方法。方法 取微量唾液,加入缓冲溶液后用乙腈稀释定容,加入定量的PFB-Br摇匀,沸水浴30.0 min进行衍生反应,冷却后直接进样入气相色谱仪分离,以ECD检测器检测。结果 唾液中CN^-的质量浓度在0.25~200.0 mg/L呈线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 4;以100.0 μl唾液量计算,方法最低检出浓度为0.07 mg/L,最低定量浓度为0.25 mg/L;方法的批间精密度为2.4%~5.3%(n=6),批内精密度为1.1%~3.8%(n=6),加标回收率为100.7%~102.1%。唾液常见的无机离子Cl^-、F^-和SCN^-对测定结果均无干扰。样品可在4 ℃保存至少15 d。结论 该方法适用于唾液中氰离子测定,对氰化物中毒的应急检测有应用价值。     

Serum markers of chronic dehydration are associated with saliva spinability

Findings of a relationship between saliva and dehydration have been observed, but the precise nature of these relationships is unclear and no evidence of a direct link has been found. In particular, no study reports a relationship between chronic dehydration and saliva conditions in community-dwelling older adults. This study aimed to identify whether salivary conditions are sensitive to body hydration markers in an elderly population. A total of 403 subjects aged 76 years participated in the study. Stimulated saliva flow rate and spinability of saliva were measured. In addition, determinations of serum levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium and potassium were made. Dehydration was defined as uric acid >/= 7 mg dL(-1) according to the standard value. The salivary spinability were significantly associated with the concentration of uric acid (OR=2.06, P=0.044) according to multiple logistic regression analysis. In addition, after adjusting for gender, the uric acid concentration and the salivary spinability was significantly associated with BUN, potassium and creatinine levels. The subjects with high uric acid levels (>/= 7 mg dL(-1)) had the most elastic saliva. Both BUN and serum creatinine are the most commonly used indicators of renal function. Therefore, our findings might demonstrate that older adults who are dehydrated showed highly elastic saliva, which was associated with renal function. In conclusion, this study suggests that there is a significant relationship between chronic dehydration status and salivary spinability level.     

切胶免疫制备腮腺液高丰度蛋白多克隆抗体

目的 通过切胶免疫制备人腮腺液高丰度蛋白多克隆抗体,为下一步腮腺液高丰度蛋白单克隆抗体制备提供抗原解决方案.方法 将腮腺液经超滤法浓缩蛋白后,进行SDS-PAGE分析,切取分子量约为50-65kDa的高丰度蛋白条带,研磨后注射新西兰大耳白兔诱导产生免疫应答并制备兔抗人腮腺液高丰度蛋白多克隆抗体,并应用蛋白免疫印记(Western blot)等方法进行抗体鉴定.结果 成功制备和鉴定了人腮腺液高丰度蛋白多克隆抗体.结论 成功制备和鉴定了人腮腺液高丰度蛋白多克隆抗体,为下一步腮腺液高丰度蛋白单克隆抗体制备及唾液蛋白质组学研究奠定基础.     

唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐检测方法的探讨

目的 通过比较几种不同测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的方法来寻求最佳测定唾液微量硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的标准方法.方法 比较经典的Griess法、镉柱法和高压液相色谱法(HPLC)对含不同浓度的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐标准品以及10位健康志愿者混合唾液样本中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的最低检出限和硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐回收率.结果 Griess法和镉柱法测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的最低检出限NO-3为10ng/μl,NO-2为1ng/μl,回收率为91.2%;HPLC法测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的最低检出限为NO-3为0.8ng/μl,NO-2为0.1ng/μl,回收率达到97.6%.结论 HPLC在微量硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐检测中的灵敏度明显高于经典的Griess法.     

Comparison of the composition of oral mucosal residual saliva with whole saliva

OBJECTIVE: Compared with whole saliva, residual saliva comprising the oral mucosal film shows a high protein concentration. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of residual saliva with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in normosalivators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The composition of oral mucosal residual saliva in 30 healthy individuals was investigated and compared with that of whole saliva. The concentrations of total protein, secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA), lactoferrin, total carbohydrate, and sialic acid were examined. The activities of peroxidase, lysozyme and alpha-amylase were determined. RESULTS: Residual saliva had higher levels of total protein and carbohydrate than whole saliva, with a higher carbohydrate to protein ratio in the residual saliva suggesting that salivary glycoproteins are concentrated on the oral mucosal surface. sIgA, lactoferrin and sialic acid were present as highly concentrated forms in residual saliva. The enzymatic activity of peroxidase in residual saliva was higher than that of whole saliva. CONCLUSIONS: These concentrated carbohydrate and antimicrobials on the oral mucosal surface work for mucosal defence and could be used for targeting sites for the delivery of therapeutic agents.     

Application of salivary noncoding microRNAs for the diagnosis of oral cancers

Oral cancer is on the rise globally and survival rates, despite improvements in clinical care, have not significantly improved. Early detection followed by immediate intervention is key to improving patient outcomes. The use of biomarkers has changed the diagnostic landscape for many cancers. For oral cancers, visual inspection followed by a tissue biopsy is standard practice. The discovery of microRNAs as potential biomarkers has attracted clinical interest but several challenges remain. These microRNAs can be found in bodily fluids such as blood and saliva which have been investigated as potential sources of biomarker discovery. As oral cancer is localized within the oral cavity, saliva may contain clinically relevant molecular markers for disease detection. Our review provides an outline of the current advances for the application of salivary microRNAs in oral cancer. We also provide a technical guide for the processing of salivary RNAs to ensure accurate clinical measurement and validation.     

Short‐term effects of continuous positive airway pressure on sex hormones in men and women with sleep apnoea syndrome

Patients with sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) suffer from symptoms of hypogonadism. Besides surgical interventions, in some cases, the standard care of SAS for most patients is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Studies focusing on the long‐term effects of CPAP on testosterone levels revealed conflicting results. None of the studies included female patients with SAS. The aim of our study was to analyse and compare sex hormone levels in saliva before and after a night without and with CPAP in women and men with SAS. The results were negative. One night with CPAP did not affect the dynamics of sex hormones, neither in men nor in women. Future studies should focus on long‐term effects of CPAP in both genders.     

Molecular Interactions between Saliva and Dental Composites Resins: A Way Forward

Dentin and enamel loss related to trauma or especially caries is one of the most common pathological issues in dentistry that requires restoration of the teeth by using materials with appropriate properties. The composite resins represent dental materials with significant importance in today’s dentistry, presenting important qualities, including their mechanical behavior and excellent aesthetics. This paper focuses on the saliva interactions with these materials and on their biocompatibility, which is continuously improved in the new generations of resin-based composites. Starting from the elements involved on the molecular landscape of the dental caries process, the paper presents certain strategies for obtaining more advanced new dental composite resins, as follows: suppression of oral biofilm acids formation, promotion of remineralization process, counteraction of the proteolytic attack, and avoidance of cytotoxic effects; the relation between dental composite resins and salivary oxidative stress biomarkers is also presented in this context.