Effect of family role on response to disaster

This study hypothesized that family role (marital and parental status) would moderate the effect of disaster exposure on the mental health of victims. The study included St. Louis residents exposed to floods and dioxin, as well as Puerto Rican respondents exposed to floods and mudslides. In St. Louis, worst outcomes were found for single and married parents exposed to disaster, substantially exceeding the symptomatology of all unexposed respondents except non-victim single parents. In Puerto Rico, victims without families had higher levels of alcohol abuse symptoms than did any other subgroup. Perceived emotional support was found to be an important moderator of disaster's effect on psychiatric distress in this site, generally overriding the effect of family role. Single parents in both sites who were exposed to disaster had substantially reduced levels of emotional support available to them, as compared to unexposed single parents, suggesting that single parents are at particularly high risk for losing access to emotional support following a disaster. This study suggests that both single and married parents constitute important high-risk victim groups. The findings also suggest that those perceiving they lack adequate emotional support, regardless of family role, may be in special need of services.     

Childcare as a stabilizing influence on HPA axis functioning: a reevaluation of maternal occupational patterns and familial relations

The influence of family relations, maternal occupational characteristics, and childcare1The UK terms "childcare," childcare centres' and "nurseries" are used throughout this paper to define group care for children prior to starting their first year of formal schooling at age 4 years and are used synonymously with the American terms "day-care" and "preschool." This form of group care is provided in a formal setting, outside the family home and excludes "childminding" (i.e., childcare that may be group based and offered at the home of the care provider/childminder). In the UK, this form of childcare is offered from zero to 4 years old. Children are separated according to their age into small groups usually consisting of 10-15 children. In the present study, all children were in the preschool-aged group (3-4 years old). Where childcare of a different or more generic form is referred to, then this has been made clear in the context or stated in the text. utilization on preschool children's cortisol production were investigated in 56 mother-child dyads. Family characteristics and maternal employment, childcare and child temperament were reported by mothers. Morning and evening levels of children's salivary cortisol were obtained. Children in highly expressive or reserved families exhibited higher cortisol levels compared to children in moderately expressive families. Elevated levels of cortisol were detected in children of mothers reporting low levels of job role quality or high levels of emotional exhaustion. Frequent childcare use was found to protect children against the physiological effects of low maternal job role quality and emotional exhaustion. Findings underscore the pervasive role of the family as set within an external support system and highlight the potential physiological impact of these interacting contexts for children. Further research is needed to fully understand current findings and to develop appropriate psycho-physiological interventions.     

Health-related quality of life in relation to gender and age in couples planning IVF treatment

BACKGROUND: Specific subgroups of people planning IVF might be at risk of having more psychological or health-related problems. Identification of subgroups at risk may better enable allocation of appropriate counselling. METHODS: A group of 425 men and 447 women planning to undergo IVF treatment filled out a questionnaire. Four domains of health-related quality of life were measured, namely perceived emotional, physical, cognitive and social functioning. RESULTS: Young men and women (aged 21-30 years) planning IVF had more short-term social and emotional problems than people of the same age group in the general population. No substantial differences were found in cognitive and physical functioning for all age groups of men nor women planning IVF compared with the general population. A high level of irrational parenthood cognitions substantially accounted for a less optimal score on all the different domains of quality of life. These cognitions ('needing a child in order to live a happy life') were especially prevalent among younger women. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with high levels of irrational parenthood cognitions are at risk of a less optimal quality of life. A short cognitive counselling therapy is advised for patients with high levels of these cognitions.     

"重返社区技能训练"对精神分裂症康复的作用

目的 :探讨重返社区技能训练对缓解社区精神分裂症患者的精神症状和改善其社会功能方面的作用。方法 :将 5 0例非急性期的社区精神分裂症患者随机分为技能训练组 (以下简称训练组 ;2 5例 )和对照组 (2 5例 ,其中脱落 2例 )。对技能训练组进行技能训练共 4周 ,然后随访 12周。采用阳性症状与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)、MorningSide康复状态量表 (MRSS)对患者进行评估。结果 :训练组患者的PANSS评分(3 9 96± 7 44 )、阴性量表总分 (11 92± 5 13 )、一般精神病理量表总分 (2 0 60± 2 95 )优于对照组 (分别为45 77± 8 95、 15 13± 4 79、 2 3 5 0± 5 3 7,P <0 0 5 ) ;训练组患者的MRSS总分 (3 1 60± 17 3 7)、依赖量表总分 (7 2 8± 5 41)、活动能力缺乏量表总分 (9 0 8± 5 5 2 )均优于对照组 (分别为 44 68± 13 61、 11 77± 5 17、15 0 0± 4 48) ;训练组的复发率 (4 % )低于对照组 (17% ) ,但差异无显著性。结论 :在药物治疗的基础上 ,重返社区技能训练能改善精神分裂症患者的症状及其社会功能     

对Bem性别角色量表的考察与修订

目的：对在性别角色研究中使用得最为广泛的工具-Bem量表进行介绍，考察它在中国文化下的信、效度并进行修订。方法：选取两个城市三所大学中的340名本科生为被试。经过项目分析、因素分析等统计方法，对构成量表的条目进行删除和保留。结果：最后由14项男性化条目和12项女性化条目构成新的Bem量表简本。结论：修订后的Bem量表在信、效度上有了明显的提高，可以成为进一步研究的工具。     

Family functioning in school-age children with cystic fibrosis: an observational assessment of family interactions in the mealtime environment

OBJECTIVE: To examine, using direct observation methodology, differences in family functioning at mealtime between families of school-age children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and families of school-age children without a chronic illness. METHOD: Family functioning was rated using the McMaster Mealtime Interaction Coding System (MICS) during a videotaped dinner among 28 families of children with CF and 27 families of non-ill, age-matched peers. Families were rated on overall family functioning and on six dimensions of the MICS: task accomplishment, communication, affect management, interpersonal involvement, behavior control, and role allocation. RESULTS: Ratings for families of a child with CF were significantly lower than they were for comparison families on overall family functioning and on four of the six MICS dimensions: communication, affect management, interpersonal involvement, and behavioral control. Moreover, a significantly greater percentage of families of children with CF were rated in the unhealthy range on overall family functioning and on five of six MICS dimensions. There was no relationship between family functioning and child weight status for children with CF. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that for families of school-age children with CF, the family system is negatively affected during mealtime. Dietary interventions need to address family-centered, as well as child-centered, interventions to help families manage challenges presented during the family meal.     

Comprehensive Assessment of Pain in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Empirical Model

A comprehensive assessment model of variables hypothesized toinfluence pediatric pain perception was empirically investigatedin 23 families who had a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.To determine the effects of family environment, child psychologicaladjustment, and disease parameters on child pain perception,a developmentally appropriate model was developed. Childrenbetween the ages of 5 and 15 were found to be reliable judgesof their pain intensity. Several family environmental and childpsychological factors were found to interact with specific diseaseparameters in determining pediatric pain perception and report.A multidimensional age-appropriate assessment model is suggestedfor use in the further examination of pediatric chronic andrecurrent pain.     

奎的平和氯丙嗪对精神分裂症认知功能影响的双盲对照研究

目的 :探讨奎的平和氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法 :40例精神分裂症患者随机均分为奎的平组和氯丙嗪组 ,在治疗前、治疗后 4、 6周作知识、算术、数字符号、数字广度 (顺、逆 )、木块拼图、瞬时逻辑记忆、视觉再生即刻和延迟、STROOPC测验、词汇流畅、TOH总分 ,计划时间、延迟逻辑记忆、WCST等神经心理测验 ,整个研究过程采用双盲双模拟法。为观察学习效应 ,12例健康者在相同间隔时间作神经心理测验。所得数据用SPSS10 0进行统计分析。结果 :治疗后 ,奎的平组大部分患者神经心理测验成绩提高而氯丙嗪组的测验结果变化不大 ,尤其在注意、执行功能方面。奎的平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的改善作用优于氯丙嗪 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :奎的平对精神分裂症患者的注意和执行功能有改善作用而氯丙嗪不明显。     

重庆社会文化因素对MSM人群性角色和性取向认同影响的定性研究

目的 分析重庆地域社会文化因素对男男性接触人群(men who have sex with men, MSM)性取向认同和性角色的影响,进而探讨性角色与MSM人群HIV高感染风险的关联。 方法 在2020年采用定性访谈的方法,依托当地从事MSM干预的社会组织招募符合要求的30名MSM人群进行个人深入访谈。 结果 访谈发现,重庆MSM人群对其性取向有较好自我认同感,告知他人性取向时最顾虑家人感受,性角色为被插入方或兼有者相对更可能告知父母。大部分访谈对象认为重庆MSM性角色被插入方的比例较高,可能跟重庆人体型小皮肤好、女性地位高、接受多元文化等有关,也使得性角色被插入方的自我认同度增高。重庆公众对同性恋现象的包容度较强,城市的包容开放受移民文化、经济发展等因素影响,但也受一定传统文化的制约。MSM的社区亚文化,如追求性自由的享乐、道德规范较弱、新型毒品的使用使得不同性角色都面临感染HIV的高风险。 结论 重庆社会文化因素对MSM性角色的选择有一定影响,充分考虑社会文化因素无疑会有效推进艾滋病防控工作。     

US Food and Drug Administration Analysis of Patient-Reported Diarrhea and Its Impact on Function and Quality of Life in Patients Receiving Treatment for Breast Cancer

ObjectivesMany trials conclude “no clinically meaningful detriment” to health-related quality of life (HRQL) or function between arms, even when notable differential toxicity is observed. Mean change from baseline analyses of function or HRQL can possibly obscure important change in subgroups experiencing symptomatic toxicity. We evaluate the impact of diarrhea, a key treatment arm toxicity, on patient-reported HRQL and functioning in clinical trials submitted to US Food and Drug Administration.MethodsThis study used 4 randomized, breast cancer trials (adjuvant to late-line metastatic) as case examples. Diarrhea, physical functioning (PF), and global health status and quality of life (GHS/QoL) from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 were analyzed at baseline and approximately 3 and 6 months.ResultsGenerally, patients reporting very much diarrhea at months 3 and 6 had worse PF (9-19 points lower) and GHS/QoL (16-19 points lower) than patients reporting no diarrhea regardless of treatment arm. In the change from baseline analysis, patients reporting very much diarrhea also experienced a greater decrease in PF (6-13 points) and GHS/QoL (6-16 points) versus patients reporting no diarrhea in both arms.ConclusionsIn trials with moderate to large differences in symptomatic toxicity by arm, reporting “no meaningful difference in functioning and HRQL between arms” based on mean change from baseline analysis is insufficient and may obscure important impacts on subgroups experiencing symptomatic adverse events. Additional exploratory analyses with simple data visualizations evaluating functioning or HRQL in patient subgroups experiencing expected symptomatic toxicities can further inform the safety and tolerability of an investigational agent.