Dental fear and pain: effect on patient''s perception of the dentist

A questionnaire was developed including the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the Dental Beliefs Survey (DBS) as subscales to examine the epidemiology of dental fear and dental beliefs in Germany. The survey was administered before treatment to a sample of 474 dental patients. Of the respondents 56% were female. The mean age was 34.3 yr (SD 12.4 yr). The mean DAS score was 8.6 (SD 3.7). Mean DBS score ranged from 1.73 to 2.75 for single items. The correlation between DAS and DBS scores was highly significant (rs = 0.39, P less than 0.001). Absence or presence of dental pain revealed significant differences for DAS and DBS scores (P less than 0.001). Both tests are valid screening forms for the German linguistic context and easy to implement in daily dental routine.     

Effects of activation rate on contractile properties of rabbit masseter motor units

Force-frequency curves of rabbit masseter motor units ( n=20) were determined, in order to study the capacity of these motor units for rate gradation and to establish the relationship between twitch contraction time (TCT) and the shape of the curves. Motor unit force responses were elicited by stimulating motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus extracellularly. A sequence of pulse trains with increasing frequency rates was followed by trains with decreasing frequency rates. All motor units were classified as fast (F) units. The ascending force-frequency curves showed a distinct sigmoid appearance; the descending curves were shifted toward lower stimulation rates. The position and shape of the force-frequency curves related significantly to the TCT. The curves of slower units were located at lower frequencies and had a larger inclination. In addition, slower units had a lower fusion frequency and a larger twitch-tetanus ratio. Hence, slower units started to fuse and reached maximum force at lower stimulation rates than faster units and needed a smaller change in simulation frequency to achieve the same relative force. It can be concluded that the capacity for rate gradation differs between rabbit masseter motor units and that the TCT is a determinant for the position and shape of the force-frequency curves.     

Dose-concentration relationships of methadone and EDDP in hair of patients on a methadone-maintenance program

After controlled oral administration of d,l-methadone solution (15–260 mg/day) in the context of a methadone-maintenance program, concentrations of methadone and 2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-l-pyrrolidine (EDDP), in head hair were determined (N=41), using a fully automated headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC/MS). Methadone was present in all samples in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 13.29 ng/mg (mean 2.69±0.45 ng/mg). EDDP was also present in every sample in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.17 ng/mg (mean 0.43±0.08). The concentration ratio methadone/EDDP was 7.5±5.7 in the proximal segments, but decreased to 4.8±1.4 in the distal segments. A statistically significant correlation between the intake dose and the methadone and EDDP concentrations in the subjects’ hair could be established only in the proximal segments (r=0.913 for methadone and r=0.901 for EDDP), but not in the distal segments. In all, 131 segments analyzed, the correlation coefficient was r=0.760 for methadone and r=0.738 for EDDP. In comparison to the dose-concentration relationship reported in the literature, we found a better correlation with higher correlation coefficients especially in the proximal segments. However, owing to a broad distribution in the correlation between dosage and concentration, the determination of methadone and EDDP in hair holds only limited information about prior methadone administration.     

Infertility: Psychological follow-up of children born after in-vitro fertilization

We have studied from birth up to the 3rd year the psychologicalattitude of 33 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) children comparedto two other groups: children born after ovarian stimulationwithout IVF (n = 33) and children conceived naturally (n = 33)during the same period. Fourteen children, born by oocyte donation,were also studied by the same methodology. In the IVF group,we found some feeding difficulties and sleep disorders in theinfants at 9 months and some signs of depression in mothers.All these symptoms disappeared afterwards. The development ofall the children is satisfactory and the relationship with theirmother is excellent. In this preliminary study, we concludethat the method of assisted reproduction has no bad influenceon the psychomotor development of these children.     

急性颅内占位病变时容积—压力关系的实验研究

本实验采用硬膜外液体球囊作为急性颅内占位病变模型,对两组动物(每组8只犬)按不同条件和时间,连续监测ICP,同时测定PVI,VPR和CSFPP。结果表明,PVI与ICP呈直线负相关,VPR和CSFPP与ICP呈直线正相关,相关均非常显著(P<0.0001),PVI越低,VPR和CSFPP越高,颅脊髓腔的顺应性越低;VPR在ICP偏高时,变异增大;CSFPP在脑血管自主调节功能减退或衰竭时,其与ICP的比值增高,能较好地反映此时的ICVPR状态。结果对预测颅内高压的发生有一定的指导意义。     

Antifungal Agents,Part 11: Biphenyl Analogues of Naftifine: Synthesis and Antifungal Activities

A series of naftifine analogues having the biphenyl instead of the naphthyl moiety have been synthesized in a search devoted to study bioanalogues of clinically efficacious antifungal agents. The new derivatives were tested against Candida albicans by the direct contact method. They were also assayed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against some isolates of plant pathogenic fungi. Derivatives 8a, 8c , and 9a were found to be active against Candida albicans, derivative 5a was active against E. coli, a very resistant species to antimycotic agents, and derivatives 8a and 8b inhibited the plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani.     

论医患关系法律调整中的公平构建

通过对医患关系的分析,借鉴美国罗尔斯的公平理论,提出了在对医患关系进行法律调整的过程中公平构建的特定内涵,并分析了其具体的表现.     

Gas-exchange impairment: its correlation to lung mechanics in acute airway obstruction (studies on a rabbit asthma model)

Summary. A rabbit model was developed for the studies of ventilation/perfusion relationships (V?/Q?) and thorax mechanics during bronchial provocation tests. Baseline data from 14 anaesthetized rabbits show a V?_A/Q? distribution that is broader (less efficientV?_A/Q?match) than that of lung-healthy humans, dogs and horses. Airway provocation was created by inhalation of ammonia, prostaglandin (PGE₁) and methacholine bromide. Methacholine bromide was the only substance that triggered measurable V?_A/Q? changes. Measurements 5 min after methacholine provocation showed markedly increased thorax resistance, widened V?_A/Q? distribution and in some rabbits an increased shunt. Fifteen minutes after provocation that was still a broad V?_A/Q? distribution and in several rabbits a further increase of shunt. Both thorax resistance and perfusion of regions with low V?_A/Q? were reduced. Our results suggest a correlation between thorax resistance and perfusion of regions with low V?_A/Q?. However, the slower normalization in V?_A/Q? disturbance and the remaining or increased shunt suggests that factors other than airway resistance contribute to the gas-exchange impairment. These factors might be alveolar oedema, or mucus and oedema in the smallest airways.