凋亡调节蛋白在手术切除的原发性非小细胞肺癌中的表达

目的 检测凋亡调节蛋白抑癌基因p53和Bcl-2家族在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)标本中的相关性和预后意义。方法 采用免疫组化法用特异性针对人体的p53和Bcl-2家族的抗体检测这些凋亡调节基因在50例存档的、手术彻底切除的NSCLC患者标本中的表达情况。分析它们之间的相互关系，并追踪患者的生存情况，分析其表达的预后意义。结果 (1)31例(62％)的NSCLC表达抑癌基因p53，典型的p53染色免疫阳性是细胞核染色。典型的Bcl-2家族蛋白呈胞浆染色．少数也可以呈胞核染色阳性。(2)p53的表达与患者的吸烟史呈正相关(P＜0．05)，p53与Bcl-2的表达呈显著的正相关(P＜0．05)，p53与Bax的表达之间呈显著的负相关(P＜0．05)。(3)p53的表达阴性的肿瘤患者没有发生远处转移，p53的表达与远处转移的发生呈正相关(P＜0．05)。Bcl-2的表达与原发性NSCLC手术切除患者的生存时间(P＜0．05)呈负相关。结论 抑癌基因p53和Bcl-2家族蛋白在NSCLCK中的表达等都很常见。p53突变可能使Bcl-2表达增加，Bax表达减少而增加远处转移的风险。     

胆道闭锁肝纤维化研究进展

胆道闭锁（BA）是严重危及婴幼儿生命健康的消化系统疾病之一,晚期肝脏纤维化是导致患儿死亡的主要原因。在胆道闭锁发病过程中,病毒感染可诱导一系列免疫和炎症反应,导致调节性T细胞（Treg细胞）减少,CD14表达增高,多种炎症通路以及转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）/Smad2/3促纤维化通路被激活。激活的通路产生大量炎性介质损伤肝细胞和胆管细胞,释放各种促炎因子、氧代谢产物和细胞因子,进一步加重肝、胆系统损伤造成肝细胞内环境失衡,失衡的内环境伴随肝实质细胞、肝巨噬细胞、肝内聚集的炎性细胞等发生适应性变性、坏死、增生,导致肝星形细胞（HSCs）激活,HSCs转化为成纤维细胞,促进肝纤维化进程。免疫、炎症损伤、促纤维化通路是导致胆道闭锁肝纤维化肝硬化的三大重要因素。     

Ezetimibe

Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor that significantly lowers low- density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and favourably affects triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol blood levels in monotherapy and in combination with statins. Hepatic and extrahepatic (peripheral) cholesterol synthesis are well-known sources of cholesterol found in LDL-C. However, the emergence of ezetimibe has highlighted intestinal cholesterol absorption as an additional, important source of cholesterol in LDL-C, and has better illuminated how genetic factors, dietary content, pharmaceutical agents, and nuclear receptor activation (such as liver X receptors) all influence the relative contribution of these important cholesterol sources to LDL-C. In fact, investigations into ezetimibe have sometimes challenged existing scientific dogma, has prompted reconsideration of older data, and has helped create ‘new’ paradigms in cholesterol metabolism. Thus, ezetimibe's efficacy, excellent tolerability, and safety has not only expanded potential treatment options for dyslipidaemic patients, but also has promoted exploration of new frontiers of lipid research towards a better understanding of cholesterol metabolism.     

Functional and molecular characterization of multiple K-Cl cotransporter isoforms in corneal epithelial cells

The dependence of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) activity on potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC) isoform expression was characterized in corneal epithelial cells (CEC). During exposure to a 50% hypotonic challenge, the RVD response was larger in SV40-immortalized human CEC (HCEC) than in SV40-immortalized rabbit CEC (RCEC). A KCC inhibitor-[(dihydroindenyl)oxy] alkanoic acid (DIOA)-blocked RVD more in HCEC than RCEC. Under isotonic conditions, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) produced KCC activation and transient cell shrinkage. Both of these changes were greater in HCEC than in RCEC. Immunoblot analysis of HCEC, RCEC, primary human CEC (pHCEC), and primary bovine CEC (BCEC) plasma membrane enriched fractions revealed KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 isoform expression, whereas KCC2 was undetectable. During a hypotonic challenge, KCC1 membrane content increased more rapidly in HCEC than in RCEC. Such a challenge induced a larger increase and more transient p44/42MAPK activation in HCEC than RCEC. On the other hand, HCEC and RCEC p38MAPK phosphorylation reached peak activations at 2.5 and 15 min, respectively. Only in HCEC, pharmacological manipulation of KCC activity modified the hypotonicity-induced activation of p44/42MAPK, whereas p38MAPK phosphorylation was insensitive to such procedures in both cell lines. Larger increases in HCEC KCC1 membrane protein content correlated with their ability to undergo faster and more complete RVD. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of KCC increased p44/42MAPK phosphorylation in HCEC but not in RCEC, presumably a reflection of low KCC1 membrane expression in RCEC. These findings suggest that KCC1 plays a role in (i) maintaining isotonic steady-state cell volume homeostasis, (ii) recovery of isotonic cell volume after a hypotonic challenge through RVD, and (iii) regulating hypotonicity-induced activation of the p44/42MAPK signaling pathway required for cell proliferation.     

实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜炎T淋巴细胞亚群与Treg细胞的表达研究

目的　探讨实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜炎（ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌａｕｔｏｉｍｍｕｎｅｕｖｅｉｔｉｓ,ＥＡＵ）新西兰兔模型外周血单个核细胞（ｐｅ-ｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｂｌｏｏｄｍｏｎｏｎｕｃｌｅａｒｃｅｌｌｓ,ＰＢＭＣ）Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化及其与疾病特征的相关性。方法　选取健康成年雄性新西兰大白兔４０只作为动物模型,用２０ｇ·Ｌ－１牛血清蛋白（ｂｏｖｉｎｅｓｅｒｕｍａｌｂｕｍｉｎ,ＢＳＡ）静脉注射和玻璃体内注射法建立ＥＡＵ模型,并观察模型眼炎症反应及ＰＢＭＣＴ淋巴细胞亚群特征。结果　ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞在ＥＡＵ兔的外周血中比例明显增加,且随时间的进展呈进行性增加,并与炎症反应呈正相关,相同的趋势可见于ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞比例。此外,Ｔｒｅｇ细胞趋势与ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞及ＣＤ４＋Ｔ／ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞比例相反,与炎症反应呈负相关。结论　ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞的优势性选择性克隆增殖及Ｔｒｅｇ细胞的降低有可能引发免疫功能紊乱并导致针对自身组织的免疫应答失去有效的负性调控,导致ＥＡＵ的发生及进行性加重。     

N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体亚型NR1、NR2A在大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤模型中的表达

目的:研究N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)功能亚单位NMDAR1、NM-DAR2A在Wister大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注模型中的表达情况。方法:18只健康成年Wister大鼠分成6组,每组3只,都取其右眼行视神经周围血管结扎手术制备视网膜缺血再灌注模型,左眼作为对照组不行手术。60分钟后去除结扎缝线恢复血流,分别于再灌注后即刻、3、12、24、72、168小时处死大鼠,摘除眼球,做冰冻切片。用免疫组织化学方法观察NR1、NR2A在视网膜缺血再灌注后不同时刻的变化并进行图象分析及统计学处理。结果:(1)各实验组和对照组间及各实验组间NMDAR1的表达无统计学意义。(2)除即刻组外各实验组和对照组间及各实验组间NMDAR2A的表达均有统计学意义,从再灌注后3小时至168小时NMDR2A表达缓慢上升。结论:(1)NMDAR1与视网膜缺血再灌注损伤无关,不参与谷氨酸的兴奋性毒性作用。(2)NMDAR2A与视网膜缺血再灌注损伤有关,参与谷氨酸兴奋性毒性作用。     

In vitro effects of active components of Polygonum Multiflorum Radix on enzymes involved in the lipid metabolism

Ethnopharmacology relevance

Raw and processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR and PMRP) are used in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia or related diseases. In our previous research, 2, 3, 5, 4′-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) displayed the most important role in the total cholesterol (TC) lowering effect among all the chemical constituents of Polygonum multiflorum. Emodin and physcion displayed more favorable triglyceride (TG) reducing effects than TSG. However, there are few researches focus on the approach and mechanism of how do Polygonum multiflorum exhibit good lipid regulation activity. The targeted sites of active substances of Polygonum multiflorum are still not clearly elucidated. This research pays close attention to how major chemical components of Polygonum multiflorum affect the TC and TG contents in liver cells.

Materials and methods

In this research, a sensitive, accurate and rapid in vitro model, steatosis hepatic L02 cell, was used to explore target sites of active chemical substances of Polygonum multiflorum for 48 h. Steatosis hepatic L02 cell was exposed to emodin, physcion and TSG, respectively. The contents of four key enzymes in the pathway of synthesis and decomposition of TC and TG were investigated after exposure. Meanwhile, the contents of lipid transfer protein were also tested. The diacylgycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) controlled the biosynthesis of TG from free fatty acids while 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) limited the biosynthesis of TC. Hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A) played the key role in the lipolysis procedure of TG and TC.

Results

The synthesis of TC and TG in steatosis L02 cells were apparently increased in the model group compared to the control group. Intracellular contents of HMG-CoA reductase and DGAT1 increased 32.33% and 56.52%, while contents of CYP7A and HTGL decreased 21.61% and 47.37%. Emodin, physcion and TSG all showed down-regulation effects on HMG-CoA reductase, while up-regulation effects on CYP7A. The most remarkable effect on HMG-CoA reductase was found on emodin. Emodin could reduce the DGAT1 content from 438.44±4.51 pg/mL in model group to 192.55±9.85 pg/mL (100 μm). The content of HTGL in 300 μm physcion group was 3.15±0.15 U/mL, which was more significantly effective than the control, lovastatin and fenofibrate group.

Conclusions

TSG could raise the content of CYP7A and then promote the lipolysis of cholesterol. Moreover, TSG also showed the best LDL-reducing effect. Emodin could inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and DGAT1, which were key enzymes in the synthesis of TC and TG. Physcion increased the content of HTGL, and then could boost the lipolysis of triglyceride. At the same time, physcion showed the best VLDL-reducing effect. In view of the above conclusions, we contributed the lipid regulation activity to an overall synergy of TSG, emodin and physcion.     

减毒增效升白汤联合化疗对恶性肿瘤患者免疫学指标的影响

目的：观察减毒增效升白汤联合化疗对恶性肿瘤患者免疫学指标的影响。方法：将200例恶性肿瘤化疗的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各100例,治疗组服用减毒增效升白汤,1剂／日,水煎服;对照组服用利血生200mg、鲨肝醇100mg,3次／日,口服。两组疗程均4周。试验采用单盲法。观察两组治疗前后免疫学指标变化。结果：治疗后免疫学指标治疗组明显优于对熙组,两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05-O．01）。治疗组治疗后各项指标明显优于治疗前,有显著性差异（P〈0．05～0．01）。对照组治疗后只有NK指标优于治疗前,有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：减毒增效升白汤可改善免疫学指标,提高机体免疫力,达到减毒增效的作用。     

Herbal medicines for the prevention of alcoholic liver disease: A review

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Long-term excess alcohol exposure leads to alcoholic liver disease (ALD)—a global health problem without effective therapeutic approach. ALD is increasingly considered as a complex and multifaceted pathological process, involving oxidative stress, inflammation and excessive fatty acid synthesis. Over the past decade, herbal medicines have attracted much attention as potential therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of ALD, due to their multiple targets and less toxic side effects. Several herbs, such as Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (Apiaceae), Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Leguminosae), etc., have been shown to be quite effective and are being widely used in China today for the treatment of ALD when used alone or in combination.

Aim of the review

To review current available knowledge on herbal medicines used to prevent or treat ALD and their underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods

We used the pre-set searching syntax and inclusion criteria to retrieve available published literature from PUBMED and Web of Science databases, all herbal medicines and their active compounds tested on ALD induced by both acute and chronic alcohol ingestion were included.

Results

A total of 40 experimental studies involving 34 herbal medicines and (or) active compounds were retrieved and reviewed. We found that all reported extracts and individual compounds from herbal medicines/natural plants could be beneficial to ALD, which might be attributed to regulate multiple critical targets involved in the pathways of oxidation, inflammation and lipid metabolism.

Conclusions

Screening chemical candidate from herbal medicine might be a promising approach to drug discovery for the prevention or treatment of ALD. However, further studies remain to be done on the systematic assessment of herbal medicines against ALD and the underlying mechanisms, as well as their quality control studies.     

创建以过程管控为核心的中药质量控制技术体系

该文首先简述中药质量控制技术现状、瓶颈问题及严峻的挑战,提出应改变以事后检验为主要手段而不重视过程管控的药品监管现象,扭转业界忽视发展制药过程管控技术的局面,重构中药产品质量控制技术体系;通过建立以制药过程管控为核心的中药质量控制技术和监管体系,从根本上解决质量控制技术落后、质量风险管控措施不力、产品质量声誉不高等中药行业重大现实问题,从而突破中成药产品质量可控性差等难关。围绕中药质量控制技术领域中的难点问题和薄弱环节,提议尽快构建具有中国原创特色的中药CMC(chemistry,manufacturing and controls)技术规则并推动其得到国际认可,同时设计了以临床疗效为导向、制造方式为主轴、过程控制为重点的中药CMC技术架构。根据中医药临床特色及中成药生产特点,建议将药物分析学与中药化学、中药药理学、制药工程学、控制工程学、管理工程学等学科相结合,创立中药质量控制工程学。进而,提出中药质量控制工程理论模型及数字制药工程方法学,阐述了显著提升中药标准、实现中药国际化战略目标的技术路径。