亚硝化农肥水中N-亚硝基化合物的分析

目的分析亚硝化农肥水中N-亚硝基化合物的种类。方法使用特异的高效液相色谱—光水解、热裂解—热能分析仪联机技术(HPLC-PHPS-TEA)进行分析检测。结果在亚硝化农肥水中发现N-亚硝基甲基脲(MNU),二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA);结论农肥水中含N-亚硝基化合物的胺类、酰胺类前体物:二甲胺和甲基脲。亚硝化农肥水中含有N-亚硝基化合物:二甲基亚硝胺和N-亚硝基甲基脲。这是两种能引起动物胃癌、食管癌和肝癌的N-亚硝基化合物。因此,从环境微生物、环境化学角度为"食管癌、胃癌和肝癌的氮循环——N-亚硝基化合物前体物病因假说"提供了有力的佐证。另外,使用我们的专利《消除饮用水中N-亚硝基化合物及其前体物的方法》作为干预措施,经过干预处理的农肥水,不管是否亚硝化,均无N-亚硝基化合物。证明专利方法有效,可以直接应用于食管癌、胃癌和肝癌的病因预防。     

Natural Volcanic Material as a Sustainable Photocatalytic Material for Pollutant Degradation under Solar Irradiation

Recently, photocatalysis has been demonstrated as a solid approach for efficient wastewater cleaning. Using natural materials as photocatalysts means a promising solution to develop green catalysts for environmental purposes. This work aimed to study the suitability of a natural volcanic material (La Gomera, Canary Islands, Spain) as a photocatalytic material for the degradation of pollutants in wastewater with solar energy. After analysing the properties of the natural material (BET surface 0.188 m²/g and band-gap of 3 eV), the photocatalytic activity was evaluated at laboratory and pilot plant scale for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water (50 mg L⁻¹), at 20 °C, during a period of 4 h, under UV/Vis light and solar irradiation. Photolytic and adsorption studies were developed to distinguish the photocatalytic contribution to the wastewater decontamination process by photocatalysis. Our results enable us to determine the viability of black sand as a photocatalytic material activated by solar irradiation (photodegradation of MB up to 100% by using solar energy), developing a natural and green photocatalytic system with significantly high potential for application in a sustainable wastewater cleaning process.     

顶空气相色谱法分析生活饮用水中挥发性卤代烃类有机物的方法探讨与应用

目的:探讨生活饮用水中7种挥发性卤代烃的测定方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯及溴仿。结果:在所建立的实验条件下,7种挥发性卤代烃的平均回收率在91.6%~104.7%之间,相对标准差为1.2%~7.3%,检测限为0.20~5.0μg/L。结论:所建立的分析方法简便、快捷、准确、可同时测定多种挥发性卤代烃。     

应用SOS显色试验监测工业废水的遗传毒性

本研究应用SOS显色试验对沈阳市西部工业废水的遗传毒性进行了监测。结果发现构成沈阳西部工业废水的30个主要排放口有11个具有遗传毒性,由其汇成两条干渠,细河亦具有潜在的遗传毒性。结果说明,SOS显色试验操作简单、快速、易于推广没有假阳性。特别适用于成分复杂,含有大量有机物的工业废水的监测,具有较大的实用性和推广意义。     

苏州地区城乡生活饮用水水质调查与分析

目的掌握苏州地区城镇与农村生活饮用水水质卫生状况及水质指标自然本底值,为建立健全城乡生活饮用水质监测网络提供依据。方法按现行《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB／T5750．2）中《水样的采集与保存》,于2010年丰水期在沿长江和环太湖等典型地区采集城镇和农村集中式供水单位的出厂水水样,按《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB／T5750—2006）进行水质全项目检测分析。结果2010年丰水期苏州地区城乡饮用水主要不合格指标为铝和三氯乙醛,主要理化常规指标铅、氟化物、硝酸盐、三氯甲烷、铝、氯化物、硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、总硬度、耗氧量等本底值,分别为0．0014、0．62、1．21、0．0046、0．17、48．6、70．0、288．3、118．1、1．44mg／L。结论苏州沿长江和环太湖等典型地区城乡饮用水水质指标基本符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）水质要求,能够保障城乡居民饮水安全及社会发展需求。     

Habitual Total Drinking Fluid Intake Did Not Affect Plasma Hydration Biomarkers among Young Male Athletes in Beijing,China: A Cross-Sectional Study

The purposes of this study were to explore the drinking patterns, and urinary and plasma hydration biomarkers of young adults with different levels of habitual total drinking fluid intake. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 111 young male athletes in Beijing, China. Total drinking fluids and water from food were assessed by a 7-day, 24-h fluid intake questionnaire and the duplicate portion method, respectively. The osmolality and electrolyte concentrations of the 24-h urine and fasting blood samples were tested. Differences in groups LD₁ (low drinker), LD₂, HD₁, and HD₂ (high drinker), divided according to the quartiles of total drinking fluids, were compared using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis H-tests, and chi-squared tests. A total of 109 subjects completed the study. The HD₂ group had greater amounts of TWI (total water intake) and higher and lower contributions of total drinking fluids and water from food to TWI, respectively, than the LD₁, LD₂, and HD₁ groups (p < 0.05), but the amounts of water from food did not differ significantly among the four groups (all p > 0.05). Participants in the HD₂ group had higher amounts of water than participants in the LD₁, LD₂, and HD₁ groups (p < 0.05); SSBs were the second top contributor of total drinking fluids, ranging from 24.0% to 31.8%. The percentage of subjects in optimal hydration status increased from 11.8% in the LD₁ group to 58.8% in the HD₂ group (p < 0.05). The HD₂ and HD₁ groups had 212–227 higher volumes of urine than the LD₁ and LD₂ groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the plasma biomarkers (p > 0.05), with the exception of higher concentrations of K in the HD₁ group than in the LD₁ group (p < 0.05). Subjects with higher amounts of total drinking fluids had better hydration status than those with lower total drinking fluids, but not better drinking patterns. Habitual total drinking fluids did not affect the plasma biomarkers.     

Modelling effects of bromide ion concentration on the formation of brominated trihalomethanes

A series of statistically‐based models have been developed for predicting the formation of individual trihalomethane (THM) species, ranging from chloroform to bromoform, as a function of various reaction conditions. These equations allow a quantitative assessment of bromide effects on overall THM formation as well as THM speciation.     

某中水站建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的对某中水站建设项目职业病危害因素及存在的职业卫生问题提出有效的防护对策和建议。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》等标准,采用检查表法和类比调查法,对项目中可能存在的职业病危害进行识别、分析与评价。结果检测14个产生化学有毒物质作业岗位和4个噪声工作岗位,全部合格。本项日在总体布局、生产工艺、职业病防护措施等方面基本符合《工业企业设计卫生标准》要求。在设备布局、照明、应急救援措施等方面设计还不够完善。结论本项目属于职业病危害一般的建设项目,从职业病防治角度分析是可行的。     

Quality and Quantity Assessment of the Water Repellent Properties of Functional Clothing Materials after Washing

The aim of the research was to evaluate the changes in the surface properties of five functional clothing materials with water-repellent finishes (including PFC-free finish) after 1, 5, and 10 washes with three detergents. A new approach to the interpretation of the water-repellent properties of textile materials is presented, based on two techniques, i.e., the spray test method and contact angle measurements. The results showed that washing materials with hydrophobic finishes can cause significant changes in their properties, which are mainly dependent on the composition and structure of the material, as well as the type of hydrophobic finish. The PFC-free finish is the least resistant to washing. For all materials with PFC finishes, the water repellency depends on the fluorine content on the surface and fabric topography. It was also found that increasing washing frequency resulted in a gradual decrease in water repellency. The loss of water repellency below an acceptable level (Grade 3) occurred after the fifth washing for all materials. Significant differences in the interpretation of the results of the spray test and contact angle measurements were observed. Using these methods separately provides information on the changes in the surface properties of the tested materials; however, their parallel application allows for obtaining complementary data, which is important for the proper interpretation of results.     

上海市浦东新区自动售水机卫生状况及影响因素分析

[目的]了解自动售水机选址与外表卫生状况,为改善自动售水机卫生现状提出建议。[方法]以上海市浦东新区辖区内所有的自动售水机为对象,随机抽取236台对其选址、遮雨棚设置、机器外表整洁及完整与否、出水口防护门、出水管口及取水凹口周壁等内容开展卫生学调查。[结果]调查结果表明,17．37％的自动售水机设置点周围10m范围内存在污染源;11．44％的自动售水机设置点周围地面排水不畅,有积水;2．54％的自动售水机未安装防护门和8．47％的自动售水机防护门已损坏不能正常使用;30．93％的自动售水机器外表存在各种污迹,同时有2．12％的受调查机器外壳已破损;受调查自动售水机的出水管口、取水凹口顶壁、内侧壁的细菌总数、霉菌、大肠菌群的检出率分别为78．81％、39．41％、48．30％;75．85％、81．78％、90．68％和21．19％、5．93％、15．25％。同时,保持自动售水机周边环境整洁、设置取水凹口防护门并保持正常运作、出水管外套有套管对减少或减轻上述部位的污染有着显著的意义。[结论]自动售水机经营单位应加强设备管理,注意维护设备的外表整洁,定期对取水凹口周壁、出水管口进行清洗、消毒;同时,要注意保持设备周边环境的整洁,并应在设备上加装取水凹口防护门、出水管套管等装置,维护其正常运作和洁净。