农村小学四年级学生预防性侵犯教育影响评价

目的：评价学校预防性侵犯教育对农村小学四年级学生知识和技能的影响,为在农村小学开展预防性侵犯教育和研究提供科学依据。方法：本研究对象为河南省某农村地区8所小学四年级小学生。以学校为单位将学生分为教育组和对照组。由研究者在学校对学生开展教育。分别于教育前、教育后1周和教育后5个月对学生进行问卷调查,通过比较教育组学生与对照组学生知识技能的变化,评价教育对学生知识和技能的影响。结果：与对照组学生相比,教育后教育组学生预防性侵犯知识和技能得分明显增加;如果有性侵犯发生,表示能披露性侵犯事件的比例明显增多。教育后5个月追踪调查显示,学生预防性侵犯知识技能水平仍明显高于教育前。结论：学校预防性侵犯教育,可以帮助农村小学四年级学生学习预防性侵犯知识和技能。     

深圳市宝安区1993～2000年中小学生营养状况分析

目的　了解深圳市宝安区中小学生营养状况。　方法　收集深圳市宝安区 1993～ 2 0 0 0年中小学生营养状况监测资料 ,按《学校卫生情况年报表填表说明及技术规范》和《广东省中小学生身高标准体重评价表》的要求进行分析。　结果　深圳市宝安区中小学生 1993～ 2 0 0 0年营养不良率平均 3 74% ,呈逐年下降趋势 ;肥胖率平均为11 19% ,呈逐年上升趋势。且男生肥胖率显著高于女生 (P <0 .0 0 5 ) ,肥胖率高峰出现在高中阶段。　结论　深圳市宝安区中小学生营养状况问题不容忽视 ,应加强营养知识的普及及指导工作。     

Gifted and Average Children's Relations with their Parents

This study investigates interpersonal relations of gifted adolescents with their parents. Quality of and satisfaction with parents' relations are examined by questionnaires. Subjects are intellectually and academically gifted and average pupils of Yugoslav secondary schools (14;6-18;11 years). Gifted and average pupils do not report significant differences on two applied measures of relations with their parents. But, pupils from special programs are less satisfied with their parents' relations than pupils from regular programs, and gifted male adolescents are less satisfied than gifted female adolescents. It happens that older adolescents, no matter they are gifted or not, experience less positive relations with their parents and are less satisfied with these relations than younger adolescents. It is concluded that the most powerful characteristic of pupils among measured is their age. Some explanations of research findings are given in the framework of the regular developmental processes going on during the period of middle adolescence.     

儿童行为问题与学校环境关系的初探

目的 了解学校的环境条件是否对儿童行为问题的发生有影响。方法 对不同类小学的575名小学生使用Rutter儿童行为量表父母问卷进行儿童行为问题的调查，同时对他们的教室建筑条件进行卫生学调查、评价。结果 575名小学生中有行为问题为8．3％，男生12．8％多于女生3．8％(X^2＝15．072，P＜0．01)，重点学校10．7％多于一般校4．0％(X^2=7．705，P＜0．01)。在教室中所占面积少(＜1．10m^2／人)的小学生(10．3％)的行为问题多于占面积大的(5．3％)，小学生所坐桌椅形式中坐连桌连椅的行为问题最多10．1％(42／416)。结论 学校及其环境条件可能会影响小学生的心理健康。     

Overestimation of peer drinking: error of judgement or methodological artefact?

Aims To examine whether inclusion of both self‐ and peer‐referent items in the context of a single social norms drinking questionnaire plays an active role in producing the much‐reported tendency for young people to overestimate the extent of peers' alcohol‐related behaviour and the permissiveness of their attitudes towards alcohol. Design, setting, participants and measurements In a between‐subjects design pupils attending two Scottish secondary schools (n = 1074; 12–18 years; 52.5% male) completed one of three questionnaires designed to measure a range of alcohol‐related behaviours, attitudes and perceptions: a paradigmatic multiple‐target questionnaire included self‐ and peer‐referent items while two single‐target questionnaires included self‐referent or peer‐referent items only. Findings Pupils' self‐reported drinking behaviours and attitudes were similar, regardless of whether multiple or single‐target versions of the questionnaire were used, as were perceptions of peers' frequencies of alcohol use and drunkenness. In contrast, by comparison with pupils who responded to a single‐target version that omitted self‐referent items, use of a multiple‐target questionnaire was significantly more likely to result in reports that peers would consume alcoholic drinks when with friends and hold more permissive or liberal attitudes towards alcohol. Conclusions Social norms research and related health promotion programmes that seek to reduce the extent of overestimation of peer drinking norms are heavily reliant upon multiple‐target drinking questionnaires. The use of such a questionnaire may lead to more distorted or extreme perceptions being reported by pupils compared to single‐target versions, which omit self‐referent drinking items. By implication, use of multiple‐target questionnaires may encourage young people to ‘over‐overestimate’ peer drinking norms.     

Conduction block and tonic pupils in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease caused by a myelin protein zero p.Ile112Thr mutation

We report a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) due to the p.Ile112Thr mutation in myelin protein zero (MPZ) who presented with a patchy neuropathy with conduction block and tonic pupils. Conduction block is unusual in inherited neuropathies, while pupil abnormalities are recognised to occur in CMT especially due to MPZ mutations. This case highlights that patchy demyelinating neuropathy with conduction block may occur in p.Ile112Thr MPZ mutations. Involvement of the pupils, as in this case, may be a pointer towards a genetic rather than inflammatory cause of neuropathy.     

上海市闸北区和田路小学小学生屈光状态随访1a结果分析

目的:了解上海市闸北区和田路小学小学生屈光状态变化,分析屈光状态变化与各影响因素的关系。方法:以2011-05被调查的上海市闸北区和田路小学6~12岁的全体在校学生为样本进行为期1a的调查,总计303名606眼。所有调查对象均检查年龄(age)、身高(height,H)、体质量(weight,W)、裸眼视力(uncorrected visual acuity,UCVA)、球镜屈光度(diopter of spherical,DS)、柱镜屈光度(diopter of cylinder,DC)、等效球镜(spherical equivalent,SE)、眼轴长度(axial length,AL)及角膜曲率(corneal curvature,K),并分析整体屈光状态变化趋势及各相关因素与屈光状态变化的关系。结果:入选调查对象606眼平均SE变化-0.45±0.60D,平均AL增长0.32±0.25mm,AL增长与SE度数变化呈正相关(r=0.409,P<0.01),其中有473眼向近视方向发展(SE的变化为负值),占总体的78.1%。AL增长与W增长相关性分析发现,W增长在4~6kg/年,AL增长最慢(0.28±0.20mm,P=0.004);AL增长在6~8岁组最快(0.39±0.24mm,P<0.01)。H增长与DS,DC,SE及AL增长均无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。2012年视力不良(UCVA<1.0)发生率(47.0%)比2011年(31.5%)明显增高;10岁以上组(52%)比10岁以下组高10%。结论:上海市闸北区和田路小学小学生中,屈光状态的进展主要以近视为主,儿童屈光状态进展与眼轴及生长发育密切相关。     

瞳孔缘环形成形在小瞳孔白内障超声乳化术中的应用

目的探讨瞳孔缘虹膜环形剪除成形在粘连性小瞳孔白内障超声乳化术的安全性和手术技巧。方法对23例34眼(实验组)粘连性小瞳孔的白内障患者采用瞳孔缘虹膜环形剪除成形,进行原位超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术;选择34例同一术者完成的排除眼部疾病的白内障患者作为对照组,采用经巩膜隧道切口的白内障超声乳化手术。观察手术前后两组视力及角膜内皮变化。结果术后随访6个月,所有病例术后矫正视力较术前有不同程度的提高。实验组术后视力低于0.1者3眼;0.1-0.3者3眼;0.3-0.6者12眼;高于0.6者16眼。与对照组比较,实验组手术前后内皮细胞丢失率无统计学差异。结论对粘连性小瞳孔的白内障患者采用瞳孔缘虹膜环形剪除成形法,可以保证超声乳化术安全进行,术后视力恢复理想,手术并发症少。     

莆田地区607名小学生近视及影响因素调查

目的 了解城镇与农村小学生近视况及其影响因素,为开展针对性的宣传干预提供参考依据.方法 采用自制问卷,随机抽取莆田市2所小学(市区和农村各1所)共607名小学生进行调查,对调查结果采用相关和logistic回归分析进行统计学处理.结果 ①莆田市城镇和农村小学生近视率分别为38.03%和16.56%,城镇和农村对小学生近视率差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.227,P＜0.05);②及时配戴眼镜、坐姿及吃甜食、蔬菜等对城镇小学生近视率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),及时配戴眼镜和每年进行眼科检查与小学生近视成正相关,坐姿、每天做眼保健操及喜欢吃甜食、蔬菜与近视成负相关;③眼科检查和用眼卫生对农村小学生近视率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),每年进行眼科检查、及时配戴眼镜和用眼卫生与小学生近视成正相关.结论 城镇小学生近视率明显高于农村,及时配戴眼镜、正确坐姿及喜欢吃甜食、蔬菜眼科检查和用眼卫生等因素均对小学生近视率有不同程度的影响,应针对城镇和农村不同地区采取相应预防与保护措施.     

镇江市城乡小学生抑郁状况调查分析

目的 了解镇江市小学生抑郁发生情况,探讨影响抑郁障碍发生的相关因素。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,用自编一般情况调查表及儿童抑郁性情绪筛查表对镇江城乡749名小学生进行调查。结果 小学生抑郁障碍总检出率为4.41%,男童检出率为2.14%,女童检出率为2.27%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。城乡男女童抑郁检出率均未见性别差异(P>0.05)。单因素分析发现母亲文化、母亲职业、抚养人类型、对儿童是否打骂、儿童睡眠情况等与儿童抑郁发生相关,多元逐步回归分析发现母亲文化、是否打骂儿童、儿童睡眠与儿童抑郁发生显著相关(P值均＜0.01)。 结论 小学生抑郁是较常见的一种情绪障碍,母亲文化程度低及家长对儿童打骂、儿童睡眠时间少等是小学生抑郁障碍的影响因素。