2015—2018年佛山市三水区疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析2015-2018年佛山市三水区疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)监测数据,为加强免疫规划管理提供依据。方法采用Excel和SPSS软件,对监测数据进行描述性统计分析。结果2015-2018年三水区共报告AEFI病例377例,4年总体报告率为28.30/10万剂次,多数发生在1岁以下年龄组,8~<18岁组最低。在153例1岁以下报告AEFI中,8月龄儿童占比最高,达22.88%,其次为6月龄儿童,占11.76%。AEFI病例局部反应占49.86%,局部红肿和结节各分别占34.21%和15.65%。全身反应以发热为主,占56.76%;涉及各种过敏反应占16.71%;有哭闹、皮疹和瘙痒等其他全身症状者占18.30%。属于一般反应者占75.07%,属于异常反应者占18.04%,偶合症占6.63%。有7例属于严重反应。根据AEFI产生各种症状数量对疫苗进行了排序。结论三水区AEFI监测结果在一定程度上反映疫苗的安全风险,尤其关注产生多种AEFI反应和严重反应的疫苗,有必要持续加强AEFI监测,及时发现潜在存在疫苗安全问题。     

包头市某牧区小学生隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染调查

目的了解内蒙古牧区小学生隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染情况,为预防工作提供科学依据。方法选取包头某旗小学牧区学生为对象,利用采样袋采集新鲜粪便,低温保存运至实验室。采用改良抗酸染色检测隐孢子虫,卢戈氏碘液染色检测贾第鞭毛虫。结果共采集小学生粪便样本191份,隐孢子虫总感染率为37.2%(71/191),男生和女生的感染率分别为40.0%(44/110)和33.3%(27/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.888,P>0.05);贾第鞭毛虫总感染率为14.7%(28/191),男生和女生的感染率分别为14.5%(16/110)和14.8%(12/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=0.003,P>0.05);隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫混合感染率为5.8%(11/191),男生和女生的混合感染率分别为7.3%(8/110)和3.7%(3/81),差异无统计学意义(χ^2=1.095,P>0.05)。结论牧区生源小学生中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫感染率较高,当地卫生部门应加强卫生宣传和管理。     

2005年泰安市部分"小饭桌"卫生现状调查

[目的]了解泰安市中小学校周围“小饭桌”卫生状况，为今后做好“小饭桌”卫生监督管理工作提供依据。[方法]2005年9月对泰安市区5家中小学附近的15家“小饭桌”进行了监督检查，重点检查基础卫生设施、卫生许可证、健康证持有情况、从业人员个人卫生等方面。[结果]检查15家单位，卫生许可证持有率为33．3％，健康证持有率37．5％，食（饮）具消毒合格率为52．2％。[结论]大部分“小饭桌”卫生状况较差，今后应加大卫生监督力度。     

Literacy through play: how families with able children support their literacy development

This article reports on findings from a research study that set out to identify factors that enable children considered to be able by their teachers to extend and develop their literacy. The data substantiated much that is already known about the significance of preschool home influences on the emergence of literacy. It underlined the importance of children being able to hear the sounds in words – phonemic awareness – through frequently playing games and hearing nursery rhymes, which led to their early success with reading. It suggested that there might be a link between their ability to plan their imaginative play and their ability to learn aspects of literacy systematically on entry to school. This comes at a time when there has been a resurgence of interest in play as a means of learning in the early years in the UK, after the influence exerted by the downward thrust of the National Curriculum in 1990 and the National Literacy Strategy in 1998.     

云南省某少数民族地区小学生肠道寄生虫感染调查及流行病学分析

目的了解云南某少数民族地区小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况。方法以该地区在校小学生217例作为调查对象,采用改良加滕氏涂片法进行粪便寄生虫病原学检查。结果实际接受检查193例,受检率91.04%。共检出肠道寄生虫感染者50例,总感染率25.91%,包括单虫感染39例(20.21%),双重感染10例(5.18%)、三重感染1例(0.52%)。检出肠道寄生虫4种,包括蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫和粪类圆线虫,感染率依次为19.17%、9.84%、2.07%和1.55%。不同年龄、性别小学生感染率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同民族小学生感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论该少数民族地区小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况较为严重,有必要制订预防及治疗措施以控制肠道寄生虫感染的流行。     

Autonomic effects of epidural and intravenous fentanyl

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that there is greater suppression ofautonomic reflexes during general anaesthesia when fentanylis administered epidurally than when it is given intravenously. METHODS: Ten volunteers were anaesthetized with desflurane. Noxious stimuliof variable intensity were then delivered by tetanic electricalstimuli. Heart rate, arterial pressure, and pupillary dilationin response to these stimuli defined nociception. Seven of thesevolunteers participated twice using a crossover design: theyreceived i.v. fentanyl on one study day and epidurally on theother. Autonomic responses to alternative tetanic stimuli atL4 and C5 dermatomes were measured every 5 min for 3 hafter fentanyl administration. RESULTS: After a brief redistribution period, plasma fentanyl concentrationswere virtually identical on both days. After stimulation ofthe L4 dermatome only, block of pupillary reflex dilation wasgreater by 47 (22)% after epidural fentanyl compared with i.v.fentanyl. Time to maximal depression of reflex dilation afterL4 stimulation was 41 (13) min. Arterial pressure and heartrate decreased after fentanyl by either route but there wereno differences observed between L4 and C5 stimulations. CONCLUSION: We conclude that during general anaesthesia, epidural fentanylenhances antinociception by a spinal mechanism which can bedetected by pupillary dilation but not by changes in arterialpressure or heart rate.     

Ross syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus infection

We report a 40-year-old woman who developed Ross syndrome (impairment of sweating and thermoregulation, tonic pupils, and hyporeflexia) associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Her serum CMV IgM and IgG antibody titer levels were elevated. Along with clinical improvement, a gradual decrease of her elevated CMV IgM antibody titer level was seen with a continued increase in her CMV IgG antibody titer level. The CMV IgM antibody titer was also positive in the cerebrospinal fluid.     

Prevalence and independent predictors of insulin resistance in children from Crete,Greece: The Children Study

Background It has been proposed that insulin resistance (IR) is associated with the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of IR in Greek schoolchildren and to investigate factors associated with IR. Methods Between October 2005 and March 2006, 522 children were recruited from Crete. Physical activity and dietary habits, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, as well as medical history of pupils’ parents were recorded. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR), fasting glucose‐to‐insulin ratio (FGIR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Multiple linear regression was used to determine independent predictors for IR. Results Fasting insulin levels and HOMA‐IR scores were higher in obese children and girls compared with their normal‐weight peers (P < 0.001). Moreover, the former had lower values in FGIR and QUICKI indices compared with the latter, indicating that obese children and girls are more insulin resistant compared with their counterparts (P < 0.001). The prevalence of IR was 9.2% (2.9% in normal‐weight, 10.5% in overweight and 31.0% in obese children), using as a threshold HOMA‐IR > 2.10 97.5th percentile of normal‐weight participants). Multiple linear regression revealed that central adiposity, female gender and intake of simple carbohydrates is associated positively with HOMA‐IR values, even after controlling for many other factors. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that girls and obese children, particularly those with central adiposity, are at high risk of developing IR. Therefore, these groups should be targets of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease preventive interventions.     

Functional evaluation of retina and optic nerve in the rat model of chronic ocular hypertension

PURPOSE: To functionally characterize the rat retina and optic nerve after chronic elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) using electroretinography (ERG) and computerized pupillometry. METHODS: Chronic elevation of the IOP was induced in Brown Norway rats by combined injection of indocyanine green dye (ICG) into the anterior chamber and diode laser treatment, followed by ERG and pupil light reflex (PLR) monitoring. RESULTS: Laser treatment induced significant elevation of the IOP in operated eyes for 6 weeks, with maximal values observed 14 days postoperatively (ctrl=18.4+/-2.4 and operated=35+/-8.4 mmHg; mean+/-sd). Preoperative values for the PLR(ratio) were 68.5+/-4% (mean+/-sem; %). Three days postoperatively the PLR(ratio) decreased to 60.3+/-10.3%, but was not significantly different compared to preoperative values (p > 0.05 Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test with Dunn's post-test). However, 7, 14 and 21 days postoperatively the PLR function dramatically decreased to 14.6+8.6, 11.5+/-6.7 and 12.6+/-4%, respectively, and was significantly smaller compared to preoperative values (p < 0.01). At day 28 the PLR significantly recovered and was not significantly different compared to preoperative values (PLR(ratio)=38.5+/-8.6, p > 0.05). However, 35 days after surgery the PLR started to decrease once again in the operated eyes (PLR(ratio)=17.2+/-7.4%) and was significantly smaller again compared to preoperative values (p < 0.05) The PLR values continued to decrease until the end of experiment (60 days postoperatively). ERG analysis of operated eyes revealed significantly decreased amplitudes of a- and b-waves 10d postoperatively, while oscillatory potentials (OPs) and flicker ERG (flERG) amplitudes were not detectable. However, 28 days postoperatively OPs significantly, but temporarily recovered, while a-wave, b-wave and flERG amplitudes did not significantly change compared to values observed 10d postoperatively. The ERG analysis of the operated eyes revealed significantly reduced amplitudes 60 days postoperatively. Histological analysis revealed degeneration of all retina layers and optic nerve axons. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic ocular hypertension in rats produces dramatic damage to all retinal layers and optic nerves observed by morphological and functional methods which significantly correlate with the IOP elevation. Outer retina of glaucomatous rats seems to be more susceptible to the damage due to chronic elevation of the IOP. Chronic hypertensive rat eyes have capacity to temporarily recover function of the inner retina and optic nerve.     

55661名学生营养状况的调查分析

为了了解天津市7～18岁中小学生目前营养状况及分布特征,采用身高、体重测量,并用身高标准体重进行评价的方法进行了调查。结果在调查的55661名学生中,营养不良率11.05％,肥胖率6.25％,以17岁组发病率最高。营养不良检出率农村高于城市,肥胖检出率城市高于农村。结论:营养不良和肥胖是中小学生常见病,应予以高度重视。