H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines:protective efficacy in a hepatitis A outbreak

AIM:To investigate the protective efficacy of H2 strain attenuated live hepatitis A vaccines (H2-strain vaccines) in hepatitis A (HA) outbreaks.METHODS:With the permission of their parents, 5551 pre-school and grade 1-3 primary school children were inoculated with 1 dose (10(6.5) TCID(50)) of H2 strain vaccines in a nonrandomized, controlled trial conducted in Fucheng County, Hebei Province in May 1997.Another 6485 children in the same grades and compatible in gender and age were enrolled as controls. Epidemiological and serological survey was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccines. ELISA was used to detect serum IgM anti-HAV.RESULTS:HA outbreak started in early May 1998, peaked in the middle of the same month, and lasted about 80 days. Overall 302 HA cases were found, 192(63.58%) were 5-9 years old. One vaccinee and 25 control cases were found to have hepatitis A, which account for 0.28% (1/356) and 5.92% (25/422) of all vaccinees and controls in the 14 villages, respectively. The protective efficacy of vaccines was 95.27% (95% CI: 85.83%-104.72%). In subjects tested for anti-HAV IgM from 13 villages, 1(0.40%) overt and 11(4.06%) asymptomatic HAV cases were found in 271 vaccinees but 21(6.69%) of overt and asymptomatic ones were found in 314 controls.CONCLUSION:H2 strain vaccines were excellent in preventing overt hepatitis A,but not so effective in preventing asymptomatic hepatitis A virus infection.A booster dose might be needed to get permanent reliable immunity.     

Aseptic meningitis epidemic during a West Nile virus avian epizootic

While enteroviruses have been the most commonly identified cause of aseptic meningitis in the United States, the role of the emerging, neurotropic West Nile virus (WNV) is not clear. In summer 2001, an aseptic meningitis epidemic occurring in an area of a WNV epizootic in Baltimore, Maryland, was investigated to determine the relative contributions of WNV and enteroviruses. A total of 113 aseptic meningitis cases with onsets from June 1 to September 30, 2001, were identified at six hospitals. WNV immunoglobulin M tests were negative for 69 patients with available specimens; however, 43 (61%) of 70 patients tested enterovirus-positive by viral culture or polymerase chain reaction. Most (76%) of the serotyped enteroviruses were echoviruses 13 and 18. Enteroviruses, including previously rarely detected echoviruses, likely caused most aseptic meningitis cases in this epidemic. No WNV meningitis cases were identified. Even in areas of WNV epizootics, enteroviruses continue to be important causative agents of aseptic meningitis.     

云南省恶性疟流行概况及其对氯喹的抗性

云南省是我国恶性疟主要流行区。历史上分布于北纬２５°以南的高、中疟区６５个县（市），海拔１２００ｍ以下的地区。１９８０年全省恶性疟发病数已控制至１０１９例，仅占当年疟疾疫情报告数的３．１６％。由于流动人口的剧增，国外传染源的输入，抗氯喹株恶性疟的扩散，１９９２年恶性疟病例上升至５３７９例，比１９８０年增加４．２８倍，已占全省疟疾疫情报告数的３０．５６％，报告恶性疟的县（市）数已达７４个。几年来通过恶性疟原虫对抗疟药敏感性监测，结果表明氯喹及哌喹抗性程度仍然严重。本文概述了云南省恶性疟流行状况及抗氯喹恶性疟的分布、发展及治疗方案。     

山丘型传播阻断地区血吸虫病突发疫情的应急处置

我国山丘型血吸虫病流行区主要分布在四川、云南2省，虽然山丘型流行区血吸虫病防治工作取得了显著成效，但局部地区仍存在血吸虫病疫情回升的风险。本文对2011、2013年发生在云南省传播阻断地区的两起血吸虫病突发疫情处置事件进行分析，指出目前山丘型流行区血吸虫病死灰复燃的风险依然存在，并提出了相关建议。     

军队传染病医院重大疫情救援任务的组织

探讨传染病医院遂行重大传染病疫情救援任务,认真研究其保障特点要求、行动方法和组训模式,对于做好重大传染病疫情处置准备,切实提高传染病专科医院卫勤保障能力具有重要意义.     

Outbreak of Anthrax Associated with Handling and Eating Meat from a Cow,Uganda, 2018

On April 20, 2018, the Kween District Health Office in Kween District, Uganda reported 7 suspected cases of human anthrax. A team from the Uganda Ministry of Health and partners investigated and identified 49 cases, 3 confirmed and 46 suspected; no deaths were reported. Multiple exposures from handling the carcass of a cow that had died suddenly were significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax, whereas eating meat from that cow was associated with gastrointestinal anthrax. Eating undercooked meat was significantly associated with gastrointestinal anthrax, but boiling the meat for >60 minutes was protective. We recommended providing postexposure antimicrobial prophylaxis for all exposed persons, vaccinating healthy livestock in the area, educating farmers to safely dispose of animal carcasses, and avoiding handling or eating meat from livestock that died of unknown causes.     

一起学校内腺病毒引起的急性呼吸道感染疫情暴发调查

目的对一起学校内急性呼吸道感染暴发疫情进行流行病学调查和病原学检测,以明确诊断,控制疫情。方法开展现场流行病学调查,核实搜索病例,分析疫情特征;采用病例对照研究分析危险因素;采集咽拭子标本,运用RT-PCR方法进行病毒核酸检测。结果共有病例43例,学生罹患率为1.31%,病例分布在4个班级,有明显的集聚性。病例对照研究显示与病例密切接触是危险因素。12例的咽拭子标本病毒核酸检测显示,8例腺病毒阳性。结论本次急性呼吸道感染疫情暴发由腺病毒引起,学生间密切接触是主要的传播方式。     

山丘型传播阻断地区血吸虫病突发疫情的应急处置

我国山丘型血吸虫病流行区主要分布在四川、云南2省,虽然山丘型流行区血吸虫病防治工作取得了显著成效,但局部地区仍存在血吸虫病疫情回升的风险。本文对2011、2013年发生在云南省传播阻断地区的两起血吸虫病突发疫情处置事件进行分析,指出目前山丘型流行区血吸虫病死灰复燃的风险依然存在,并提出了相关建议。     

First incursion of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT160 into New Zealand

An outbreak of human Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT160 infection in New Zealand was investigated from May to August 2001. Handling of dead wild birds, contact with persons with diarrheal illness, and consumption of fast food were associated with infection. Contaminated roof-collected rainwater was also detected.     

Cost-benefit of stockpiling drugs for influenza pandemic

We analyzed strategies for the use of stockpiled antiviral drugs in the context of a future influenza pandemic and estimated cost-benefit ratios. Current stockpiling of oseltamivir appears to be cost-saving to the economy under several treatment strategies, including therapeutic treatment of patients and postexposure prophylactic treatment of patients' close contacts.