土壤中砷含量与非砷职业暴露人群肺癌发病关系研究

[目的]探讨土壤中砷含量与非砷职业暴露人群肺癌发病率的关系。[方法]测定污染区与对照区土壤中砷含量,收集其非砷职业暴露人群与砷职业暴露人群肺组织中砷含量及其肺癌发病率,并进行统计学分析。[结果]污染区土壤砷含量是对照区的14.3-19.7倍。[结论]土壤中砷含量与非砷职业暴露人群肺癌发病呈显著及非常显著的正相关(r=0.9281-0.963,P<0.05-0.01)。     

Achieving Best Practice: A Review of Evidence Linked to Occupation-Focused Practice Models

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to identify and synthesize evidence concerning the most widely used contemporary occupation-focused models including Ecology of human performance; Model of human occupation; Occupational adaptation; and Person–environment–occupational performance. The paper characterizes the amount and type of evidence. Evidence found includes illustrations of how the models can be applied to understand and address a particular problem or population, basic studies that test or expand theoretical concepts, psychometric studies, studies that document therapy outcomes, and studies that examine clinical reasoning and/or practice based on the models. The four models differed widely in the amount and type of evidence available.     

Immunological and In-Vivo Neurological Studies on a Benzoic Acid-Specific T-Cell-Derived Antigen-Binding Molecule from the Serum of a Toluene-Sensitive Patient

T-cell-derived antigen-binding molecules (TABMs) specific for benzoic acid were isolated from the serum of a toluene-sensitive patient. The resulting purified TABMs (BA-TABMs) did not contain immunoglobulin G and were associated with the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). BA-TABMs bound to benzoic acid conjugated to human serum albumin (BA-HSA), as well as to other chemicals conjugated to human serum albumin—including dinitrophenol and oxazolone. The binding of BA-TABMs to the conjugated chemicals increased the level of detectable TGF-β, and a similar effect was observed with the unconjugated chemicals, benzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol glycine. The increase in TGF-β was critically dependent on the ratio between BA-TABMs and the conjugated or unconjugated chemicals; the increase was optimum at intermediate concentrations and absent at low and high concentrations. The authors used an established animal model in vivo and demonstrated that TGF-β enhanced the inflammatory response induced by the release of neuropeptides from sensory nerves; this enhancement occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The BA-TABMs also enhanced this neurogenic inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was blocked by anti-TGF-β antibody. When the authors added either BA-HSA or benzoic acid, the effect of BA-TABMs on neurogenic inflammation was further enhanced at intermediate concentrations of antigen and was unaltered or reduced at higher concentrations. TABMs specific to particular chemicals, as a result of their association with cytokines (e.g., TGF-β), may be implicated in symptom production in chemically sensitive patients.     

Assessment of the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity

The Functional Test gives an accurate and immediate assessment of upper extremity capabilities for performance of functional activities. It has been used primarily with patients who have a residual hemiparetic upper extremity following a stroke. This seventeen task test is arranged in seven levels and can be administered in approximately thirty minutes. It is completely portable and can be used practically in many different treatment settings. The information obtained will allow therapists to set realistic functional goals and design effective programs for the patient's use of the involved upper extremity. The early research on this instrument implies that this test may be used as an alternative to some of the traditional objective and time consuming test measures that are currently used by occupational therapists.     

Traffic Engineering and Occupational Therapy: A Collaborative Approach for Future Directions

Swedish legislation and international norms emphasize society's obligation to ensure general accessibility. The possibility of independent outdoor mobility, transportation, and travel are as important for individuals with reduced functional capacity as for other members of society, but today their mobility is limited. The aim of this article is to outline a novel field for research collaboration between occupational therapy and traffic planning and engineering, focusing on person-environment relationships with an explicit orientation towards advantages to society. Target groups are elderly people and individuals with impairments, and their relation to public transportation provided by society, in terms of general accessibility. Topical research from both disciplines is presented and synthesized, leading to the formulation of joint research questions. The collaborative approach presented increases the potential for continuing, comprehensive, and stable growth of knowledge. The intention is to assist the legislative process in the development of society, leading to a more efficient use of available economic resources. The ultimate objective of future research projects will be to gain knowledge that will facilitate improvements in public health.     

Perceived occupational balance and well-being among people with mental illness living in two types of supported housing

Abstract

Background: People with psychiatric disabilities often struggle with maintaining a satisfying occupational balance. Knowledge about factors of relevance for occupational balance in this group is therefore vital for improving their support.

Aim: The aim was to describe perceptions of occupational balance among people with psychiatric disabilities living in supported housing (SH) or in own flat/house with housing support (OHS). Potential importance of housing context and socio-demographic, well-being and recovery factors for occupational balance was also explored.

Methods: Participants from SH (N?=?155) and OHS (N?=?111) responded to questionnaires about sociodemographic situation, well-being (self-rated health, life satisfaction and self-mastery), personal recovery and occupational balance (work, leisure, home chores, self-care and general balance assessed by SDO-OB).

Results: A majority in both groups reported being in balance regarding all five domains of occupational balance. The OHS group reported being more under-occupied for home chores and self-care. Self-mastery was the most important contributor in both groups in the domains of work, domestic chores and self-care. Day center attendance was vital for general occupational balance.

Conclusion: Both groups generally perceived occupational balance. Control over one’s life situation and possibilities for regularly participating in occupations outside the home environment should receive high priority in housing support.     

Occupation as a potential contributing factor for temporomandibular disorders,bruxism, and cervical muscle pain: a controlled comparative study

The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of cervical muscle pain (CMP) and myogenic temporomandibular disorders (MFP) among female dentists, high‐tech workers, and a group of subjects employed in other occupations; to investigate the associations among CMP, MFP, and bruxism in those groups; and to evaluate the influence of work‐related stress on MFP and CMP. Evaluation was based on clinical examinations of MFP and CMP and self‐reported questionnaires concerning pain and stress. The diagnosis of sleep bruxism was adapted using the validated diagnostic criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD‐2), 2005, Westchester, IL), whilst the diagnosis of awake bruxism was made on the basis of a questionnaire. The odds of a subject with MFP experiencing concurrent CMP or bruxism (sleep and/or awake) ranged from 2.603 to 3.077. These results suggest that high‐tech workers and dentists are at greater risk for developing temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and CMP when compared with general occupation workers, as defined in this study. Furthermore, the associations shown here between TMDs and CMP highlight the importance of palpating neck musculature as part of any routine examination of TMD.     

Formulating goals in occupational therapy: State of the art in Switzerland

Background: The contemporary occupational therapy literature suggests that different quality criteria exist for setting goals in occupational therapy: a focus on occupation; a link to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); and adherence to the SMART recommendations, which advises goals to be specific, measurable, agreed, realistic, and timed. Aim: To identify the extent to which Swiss occupational therapists (OTs) adhere to the criteria cited above. Material: A total of 1 129 goals formulated with the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) collected in 2008. Results: In slightly more than half the investigated cases at least one goal addressed an aspect of occupation. Nearly two-thirds of the goals related to the ICF component “activity and participation”. Nearly 90% of the goals were specific, measurable, and/or realistic. Conclusions: Goals mirror, to some extent, what is done in everyday practice. Several influences on goal formulations of OTs were identified, including the practice models traditionally used in different specialist fields; the cultural contexts in which OTs were trained; and the legal framework that obliges OTs to formulate their goals in a certain way in order to obtain funding for their services. Significance: Based on these results evidence-based products have been developed (a further education course; written recommendations for practice).     

追踪管理法在护理人员针刺伤管理中的应用效果分析

目的总结与探讨追踪管理法在护理人员职业安全针刺伤管理中的应用效果。方法成立追踪管理小组,由专职人员对护理职业安全管理中的不良事件针刺伤进行个案追踪和系统追踪,分析产生护理职业安全事件的原因,不断完善追踪管理制度,形成一套完整的防控体系,预防护理职业安全针刺伤不良事件的发生。结果追踪管理法实施后,2013年护理职业安全针刺伤不良事件的发生明显低于2012年(P<0.05)。结论追踪管理法能积极防范护理职业安全针刺伤不良事件的发生,降低其发生率,保障护士的职业安全。     

Men in kindergartens: work culture and gender

This article examines the impact on work culture when men work in kindergartens. In Norway, as in other countries there has been a call for more male staff in kindergartens. Increasing the amount of men may imply that institutionalized norms and practice are put under pressure. By using a case study approach, the focus is on employees’ experiences and practice in daily life in the kindergarten. Two processes, negotiation about work organization and the division of labour, illustrate the empirical part of this article. The findings indicate that female staff negotiate for standardized workdays and norms of sameness, while the males negotiate for a flexible workday and division of labour based on their interests. The difference in practice between males and females and negotiation about the division of labour contribute to constructing gendered work cultures.