儿科毕业生中儿科从业者与非儿科从业者的职业满意度及职业发展比较

目的：了解儿科毕业生对儿科职业认同度,从事儿科职业满意度及职业发展等情况,为儿科医师的培养和发展提供参考依据。方法：选择温州医科大学2007届至2017届的儿科专业（方向）毕业生、35岁及以下群体共210 名作为研究对象,采用自编问卷开展调查,并对儿科从业者和非儿科（其他临床科室）从业者在职业满意度、职业发展进行对比分析。结果：男性儿科毕业生儿科就职率（49.52%）低于女性（53.80%）,在2007—2014 年期间毕业年份越晚选择儿科职业的比例越低。儿科从业者的职业满意率（66.36%）低于非儿科从业者（85.84%）,且性别、医院等级、工作城市等级对两组之间的满意率无影响（均P 交互＞0.05）。儿科从业者的出国进修率（1.92%）低于非儿科从业者（13.20%）。工作8 年及以上的儿科毕业生中,儿科从业者的中级及以上职称率（54.28%）低于非儿科从业者（84.38%）,且医院等级、学历对两组之间的中级及以上职称率无影响（均P 交互＞0.05）。结论：35岁以下青年儿科毕业生儿科职业认同度不稳定,儿科从业者的职业满意度相对较低、职业发展相对较慢。     

铁路运输业职工心理紧张特点

采用紧张性生活事件量表及症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对铁路运输职业中火车司机２１３名、列车员２０５名及调度员１３８名职工进行了调查。结果提示火车司机的环境噪音污染问题、列车员的学习问题，调度员的人际关系、家庭、婚恋问题的年心理紧张均值，显著高于中国常模。发现家庭主要成员患急重病是火车司机和列车员的高强高频事件；本人生活习惯改变是三组共有的中强高频事件；不安心本职工作，工作中遇到困难是火车司机、列车员的中强高频事件。结果还发现调度员所承受的年心理压力最高为２１．０１５，火车司机次之为１９．０４２，两组显著高于中国常模，列车员最低，为１１．９０２．同时还发现火车司机心理健康调查表中总苦恼水平最高，与另两组差异非常显著。     

Phenotypic assortative mating vs. social homogamy among Japanese and Chinese parents in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition

Among the subjects of Japanese and Chinese ancestries in the parent generation in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition were 47 pairs of siblings. Since data were available on the spouses of these siblings, this allowed for tests of whether spouse correlations of educational and occupational attainment and cognitive abilities were due to active phenotypic assortment and/or shared social background (social homogamy). Comparisons of sibling correlations, spouse correlations, and correlations between the spouse of one sibling and the spouse of the other sibling, as well as the results of model-fitting analyses, suggest that spouse correlations for education are determined by both phenotypic assortment and social homogamy, spouse correlations for occupational attainment by phenotypic assortment, and spouse correlations for verbal ability mostly by social homogamy.The results reported here were made possible by a collaboration of a group of investigators (G. C. Ashton, R. C. Johnson, M. P. Mi, and M. N. Rashad at the University of Hawaii and J. C. DeFries, G.E. McClearn, S. G. Vandenberg, and J. R. Wilson at the University of Colorado) supported by NSF Grant GB-34720 and Grant HD-06669 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.     

A case-control study of risk factor for renal cell cancer in northern Italy

A hospital-based case-control study of renal cell cancer was conducted in northern Italy betwen 1986 and 1989, with 240 cases of renal cell cancer (150 males and 90 females), and 665 controls (445 males and 220 females) chosen on the basis of age, sex, and area of residence. No associations were found between renal cell cancer and: body mass index (BMI); number of cigarettes smoked; age at starting to smoke; years of smoking; consumption of wine, beer, spirits, coffee, decaffeinated coffee; tea; intake of animal protein, fruits, and vegetables; various resproductive factors; hormonal use; sexual habits; sexually transmitted diseases; or selected occupational exposures. The odds ratio (OR) was above unity in smokers (OR=1.34 for 15 cigarettes/day), but the trends in risk with dose or duration were not statistically significant. Significant positive associations were found between renal cell cancer and sources of fat intake, especially margarine (OR for highest vs lowest intake = 1.71), and oils (OR=1.89) whereas carrot intake showed a negative association (OR=0.62). Also, a history of nephrolithiasis and multiple episodes of cystitis showed weak positive associations (OR=2.00, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) 1.07–3.73; and OR=1.60, 95 percent CI 0.95–2.70, respectively).Address reprint requests to Dr Talamini. The work was conducted with the contribution of the Italian Association for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy and the CNR (Italian National Research Council) Applied Projects Oncology (Contract n. 85.02209.44).Drs Talamini, Barón, Barra, Bidoli, Serraino, and Franceschi are in the Epidemiology Unit, Aviano Cancer Center, Via Pedemontana Occ. 33081 Aviano (PN) Italy. At the time of this work, Dr Barón was a visiting biostatistician from the Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado, Health Science Center, CO, funded by the National Cancer Institute (US) and the Italian National Research Council. Dr Franceschi is also chief of the Hormones and Sexual Factors and Cancer Working Group of the European Organization for Cooperation in Cancer Prevention Studies, Bruxelles, Belgium. Drs La Vecchia and Negri are in the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy. Dr La Vecchia is also in the Institute of Social and preventive Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.     

Parental occupation, occupational exposure to solvents and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of childhood brain tumors (Italy, France, Spain)

The role of parental occupational exposure in childhood brain tumorswas investigated in a population-based case-control study grouping 251 casesand 601 controls from three European centers: Milan (Italy), Paris (France),and Valencia (Spain). Parental occupational exposure to solvents andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during the five-year period beforebirth was estimated using a job-exposure matrix developed earlier in the samecountries. Odds ratios (OR) of brain tumors for each occupation andoccupational exposure were estimated by logistic regression, adjusting forchilds age, gender, exposure to tobacco smoke and ionizing radiation,mothers age and years of schooling, and center. The risk of childhood braintumors rose when fathers worked in agriculture (OR = 2.2, 95 percentconfidence interval [CI] = 1.0-4.7) and motor-vehicle-related occupations. Inthe latter group, the risk increased for primitive neuroectodermal tumors inparticular (OR = 2.7, CI = 1.1-6. 6). Astroglial tumors were more frequentamong children of mothers in health services (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.0-4.9).Paternal exposure to PAHs was associated with an increased, but notdose-related, risk of primitive neuroectodermal tumors (OR = 2.0, CI =1.0-4.0), and maternal exposure to solvents at a high level was associatedwith an increased risk of both astroglial (OR = 2.3, CI = 0.9-5.8) andprimitive neuroectodermal tumors (OR = 3.2, CI = 1.0-10.3).     

Is ergonomic intervention alone sufficient to limit musculoskeletal problems in nurses?

This study retrospectively surveyed 1,216 nurses at hospitalsin Belgium and The Netherlands. Data concerning workloads, musculoskeletalsymptoms, work loss and psychosocial factors were collectedby questionnaire. Lifetime prevalence rates for musculoskeletalproblems and low back trouble were significantly lower in theDutch hospitals than the Belgian hospitals, but a significantlyhigher proportion of Dutch nurses had ‘heavy’ workloads.Overall, symptoms and work loss in the previous 12 months werenot related to workload, nor was the perception that work wascausative; a change of duties because of symptoms was rare (<3%). The Dutch nurses differed strikingly from Belgian nurseson the psychosocial variables; they were less depressed andsignificantly more positive about pain, work and activity. Itis proposed that ergonomic interventions alone may be sub-optimalin controlling musculoskeletal problems among nurses The additionalprovision of psychosocoial information to challenge misconceptionsand encourage self-management is proposed.     

医学院校教师血压水平及高血压病患病率的调查

为探讨医学高教职业对教师血压的影响,我们对我院579名在职教师的血压及其高血压患病率进行了统计分析,并同对照组进行了比较。结果表明,高教教师无论在总体上,还是与相同工龄段的其他人群相比较,其血压水平及高血压患病率均显著增高(P<0.05,P<0.01),而且随高教教龄的延长,血压及高血压患病率均有明显增高的趋势(P<0.05,P<0.01);中青年高级职称者血压水平较非高级职称者明显增高(P<0.01)。从而提示高教职业长期紧张、高负荷、大工作量的特点是高教教师高血压病患病率增高的重要因素,高教教师尤其高教龄教师是高血压病的高危人群。     

The relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and occupational status and life-style factors among middle-aged male and female Japanese workers.

As a marker of body fat distribution and therefore level of obesity, the waist-to-hip ratio (W:H) is a good indicator of coronary heart disease risk status. The present study investigated the association between occupational status and life-style factors, and W:H of middle-aged Japanese male (n = 2,550) and female (n = 1,283) workers in a metal-products factory. A higher W:H was observed in the management level males as compared with the other male workers and we suggest this was promoted by the sedentary aspect of their work, as well as their higher levels of alcohol consumption and lower levels of leisure-time physical activity. In contrast, a higher W:H was recorded in female labourers, whose work was typically less sedentary as compared with female managers. Life-style factors included in the study were not related to this observation. We conclude that other unmeasured psychosocial factors may be important in promoting higher W:H in female labourers.     

An historical prospective study of mortality within a cohort of gas distribution workers

An historical prospective study of mortality within a cohort of 1,410 gas distribution workers was conducted. This cohort was followed for ten years (1971-1980) and data on 118 deaths were obtained. Five-year (1973-1977) averages of both St. Louis and United States age-specific mortality figures were used to create "expected" mortality rates for comparison with the observed deaths in the cohort. Analyses of the cohort were done according to: 1) person-years contributed during the study period (the "age-attained" method) and 2) the number of years from commencement of work in the company until the end of the study period (1980) or death (the "latency" methods of analysis, Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all causes of death, all malignant neoplasms, and for cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplasms of the respiratory and digestive systems. In no case was the SMR found to be beyond the range of what would be expected in the "standard" populations. While the present study does not contradict the negative findings of the one previous investigation of mortality of gas distribution workers, the limitations of small cohort size, reliance on death certificates and non-industrial comparison populations make any conclusions at best provisional.