Pharmacokinetics of vitamin B6 supplements in humans.

The use of vitamin B6 supplements is widespread today. Doses used are often elevated far above the physiological range and reach levels up to 600-fold higher than recommended dietary allowances for healthy people. While the toxic effects caused by chronic high doses of vitamin B6 have been described earlier, pharmacokinetic data on vitamin B6 supplements are rare. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic data of vitamin B6 from human subjects.     

Increasing Preload Volume with Water Reduces Rated Appetite But Not Food Intake in Healthy Men Even with Minimum Delay Between Preload and Test Meal

Abstract

The role of gastric volume in the short-term control of eating in humans remains unclear, with some studies reporting that food volume alone can reduce appetite but others finding no such effect. A recent study in our laboratory, found effects of preload volume on subjective appetite (hunger, fullness) but not intake, and found effects of preload energy on intake but not appetite. That study used an interval of 30 min between serving preloads and the test meal, and the present study attempted to maximise the effects of the volume manipulation by removing the delay between the preload and test meal. We administered four soup-based preloads varying in volume (150 and 450 ml) using water, and energy density (1.4 and 4.2 kJ/ml) using maltodextrin, producing three energy levels (209, 629, 629 and 1886 kJ; repeated measures). These were followed immediately by an unlimited hot pasta lunch, during which food weight was monitored continuously by computer. Increasing soup volume at constant energy (629 kJ) reduced appetite ratings, but not intake. In contrast, increasing soup energy at constant volume (450 ml) reduced intake, without affecting appetite. The discrepancies between our results and other reported studies suggest that volume is more influential when intakes are large, or that there may be a threshold concentration for nutrients in the GI tract before volume alone is tangibly expressed in subsequent eating.     

Night time eating: a review of the literature

This study reviews the published research on night time eating, including the night eating syndrome (NES) and the nocturnal eating/drinking syndrome (NEDS). Studies were identified by a computerized literature search (PubMed, PsycInfo) and by references from the papers obtained. In addition, published abstracts from recent conferences in the areas of eating disorders and obesity were included. Individual studies were reviewed and their results summarized. Wakeful night time eating appears to be a frequent symptom which is more common among the obese. The data suggest an early age of onset with a chronic course in many patients. There appears to be considerable overlap between NES and NEDS. Treatment studies are sparse. The clinical features of these syndromes, their comorbidities, and their prevalence rates remain a matter of debate. It is unclear if the night eating syndrome presents a distinct entity that is of clinical relevance. The current nosologies may not capture the natural clustering of eating and sleep‐related pathology as it occurs in general population samples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.