肠内外营养治疗重症急性胰腺炎的对比研究

目的观察肠内营养（EN）与肠外营养（PN）治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的临床效果。方法将64例SAP患者随机分为EN组和PN组,每组各32例。两组均给予常规治疗,PN组采用肠外营养治疗,EN组采用肠内营养治疗。分别在入院时及治疗14d后采血测定C一反应蛋白（CRP）及相关生化指标,观察两组患者感染并发症、手术治疗率、住院时间及死亡率。结果治疗14d后,两组患者的CRP及生化指标均较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01）;与PN组比较,EN组治疗后血清白蛋白明显升高（P〉0．01）,而丙氨酸氨基转移酶明显降低（P〈0．01）,其他指标比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。EN组感染率低于对照组（P〈0．05）,住院时间短于对照组（P〈0．01）,但两组手术治疗率及死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论与PN治疗SAP相比,EN在改善患者营养状况、减少并发症和缩短住院时间等方面更有优势。     

Pharmaceutical Policy and the Lay Public*

Almost every national and supranational health policy document accords high importance to the need to listen to and ‘empower’ patients. The relationship between pharmaceutical policy and the lay public is not direct but mediated by several actors, including health care workers, patient organisations, industry and, most recently, the media. Although the overall aim of health and pharmaceutical policy is to address the needs of all citizens, there are only a few, well organised groups who are actually consulted and involved in the policymaking process, often with the support of the industry. The reasons for this lack of citizen involvement in health and pharmaceutical policymaking are many, for example: there is no consensus about what public involvement means; there is a predominance of special interest groups with narrow, specific agendas; not all decision makers welcome lay participation; patients and professionals have different rationalities with regard to their views on medicine. Because the lay public and medicine users are not one entity, one of the many challenges facing policy makers today is to identify, incorporate and prioritise the many diverse needs. The authors recommend research which includes studies that look at: lay attitudes towards pharmaceutical policy; lay experiences of drug therapy and how it affects their daily lives; the problem of identifying lay representatives; the relationship between industry and the consumers; the effect of the media on medicine users and on pharmaceutical policy itself. The authors acknowledge that although lay involvement in policy is still in its infancy, some patient organisations have been successful and there are developments towards increased lay involvement in pharmaceutical policymaking. This article is the fourth in a series of articles on this topic that will appear in Pharmacy World & Science during 2005.     

鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养支持在重型颅脑损伤中的临床研究

目的观察鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以肠外营养对重型颅脑损伤患者的治疗效果。方法将72例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为实验组与对照组各36例,实验组留置鼻肠管,对照组留置鼻胃管,均给予早期肠内营养辅以场外营养的营养支持方式,观察两组生活指标、胃肠道耐受及并发症情况。结果营养支持后7d血清蛋白呈上升趋势,但两组比较无差异（P〉0．05）;两组血糖均较营养支持前下降,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;实验组并发症发生率比对照组明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论重型颅脑损伤病患者鼻肠管早期肠内营养辅以场外营养支持方式,可以明显改善营养状况,减少并发症的发生。     

试论新医改形势下我国国家基本药物制度的建设

目的探讨在新医改形势下如何建立一个整合各方利益、具有良好协调功能的国家基本药物制度。方法通过文献综述,总结我国国家基本药物制度的现状,在新医改形势下所面临的问题。结果与结论逐步完善国家基本药物目录遴选、调整政策;运用财税政策建立药品价格平衡机制;建立持续的国家基本药物筹资体系;建立经济、有效的国家基本药物供应体系;建立国家基本药物合理使用体系;设立联席会议制度,协调政府各部门监管过程中的职能;最终以法律形式形成系统化的国家基本药物政策。     

Dietary factors in oral leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis in a population-based case control study in Gujarat, India

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship of specific nutrients and food items with oral precancerous lesions among tobacco users.
DESIGN: A population-based case-control study. SETTING: Villages in Palitana taluk of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire, developed and validated for this population, was used to estimate nutrient intake in blinded, house-to-house interviews. Among 5018 male tobacco users, 318 were diagnosed as cases. An equal number of controls matched on age (±5 years), sex, village, and use of tobacco were selected.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios (OR) from multiple logistic regression analysis controlling for relevant variables (type of tobacco use and economic status).
RESULTS: A protective effect of fibre was observed for both oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and leukoplakia, with 10% reduction in risk per g day^-1 ( P < 0.05). Ascorbic acid appeared to be protective against leukoplakia with the halving of risk in the two highest quartiles of intake (versus the lowest quartile: OR = 0.46 and 0.44, respectively; P < 0.10). A protective effect of tomato consumption was observed in leukoplakia and a suggestion of a protective effect of wheat in OSF.
CONCLUSION: In addition to tobacco use, intake of specific nutrients may have a role in the development of oral precancerous lesions.     

Measles and rubella eradication

This article discusses concepts of eradication, some issues relating to vertical and horizontal public health programs, some current issues relating to measles and rubella, and what we need to do about them. It concludes that measles and rubella/CRS can and should be eradicated. A target date should be established in 2020 (or before). Eradication can only be accomplished in the context of strengthening ongoing immunization services and strengthening surveillance so it can guide activities. Additional resources will be required to achieve the goal.