III Effects of Silver Nitrate Prophylaxis on Visual Alertness in Neonates

In a series of investigations we have studied whether silver nitrate used as prophylaxis against neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia has mainly positive or negative consequences. In this study 39 newborns, randomly divided into three groups given silver nitrate or the less irritating Hexarginum or physiological saline (placebo) as prophylaxis were studied. The eye drops were administered two hours after delivery. The groups were observed on days 2 and 4 post partum. The soothing effect and the effect on visual alertness were compared between the groups when infants were lifted from supine position to the shoulder. On day 2 infants in the silver nitrate group showed less alertness and scanning behaviour than did children in the Hexarginum and saline groups. There were no indications that the chemical conjunctivitis caused by silver nitrate interfered with soothability on either day 2 or day 4 or with visual stimulation on the fourth day of life. The design of the study permitted parental eye contact with the infant during the first two hours of life. It is still an open question whether or not silver nitrate administered within a few minutes after delivery, which would prevent the early eye contact, would have any long-lasting effects on visual alertness or on parent-infant relationship.     

Effects of scopolamine, amphetamine and benzodiazepines on conditioned suppression

Conditioned suppression of operant behavior was produced by preshock stimuli (i.e., stimuli that precede the noncontigent presentation of electric shock), or prereward stimuli (i.e., stimuli that precede the noncontingent presentation of food) in rats and squirrel monkeys responding on a variable interval schedule of food reinforcement. Benzodiazepine derivatives and amphetamine differentially affect conditioned reactions which are elicited by preshock and prereward stimuli. Conditioned suppression to prereward stimuli were unaffected by chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, scopolamine hydrobromide and scopolamine methyl nitrate but clearly reduced by amphetamine. On the other hand, chlordiazepoxide attenuated the conditioned suppression to preshock stimuli whereas amphetamine, scopolamine hydrobromide and scopolamine methyl nitrate had no significant effects in this paradigm. The results suggest that the effects of drugs on conditioned suppression cannot be interpreted, a priori, in terms of selective effects on mechanisms related to emotional behavior or inhibition.     

母鼠体内^147Pm（钷）经胎盘和乳汁向仔鼠的转移

本文报道了~(147)Pm经胎盘和乳汁向仔鼠转移的实验研究。结果表明,经胎盘转移到胎鼠体内的~147Pm随孕期而增多,经乳汁转移到乳鼠的~147Pm与哺乳时间无明显相关。值得注意的是,与母鼠相比,在胎鼠及乳鼠的脑组织中~147Pm的滞留份数大大增加。     

Factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding: analysis of the primary and secondary responders to a self-completed questionnaire

A cohort of 1192 consecutive newborn infants was followed prospectively for factors possibly affecting the length of time they were breastfed. Following the procedure of a double-blind test, one-third of the cohort received Credé prophylaxis at age 2 h. The duration of breastfeeding (sole or partial) was recorded up to age 6 months and there was a 100% follow-up. Multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis (Cox) of the whole cohort showed that babies being delivered between 21.00 and 24.00 h were associated with a shorter duration of breastfeeding (rate ratio = 1.37, 99% confidence interval=1.05-1.78). Mother's age (under 21 years), marital status (unmarried) and birthweight (inversely) were factors also independently associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Boys were breastfed for a shorter time than girls ( p < 0.05). In univariate analyses only, the first-born babies had a significantly shorter breastfeeding time, and purulent eyes in the first 24 h was a factor of borderline significance ( p < 0.05). Educational level, socioeconomic status and smoking habits of the mothers were not investigated in this study. Owing to the lack of regulations in place at the time of the study (1981-82), it was possible to differentiate between the mothers who responded spontaneously to the self-completion questionnaire (primary responders, 68.5%) and those who required one or two reminders. Short breastfeeding time was the strongest predictor of being a secondary responder, followed by being very young or unmarried. Approaching the secondary responders reduced the prevalence of breastfeeding at 6 months by 5% (from 53.8% to 48.8%).     

硝酸银冲洗肾盂治疗丝虫性乳糜尿的重新评价和技术改进

硝酸银冲洗肾盂仍为治疗丝虫性乳糜尿的一种简易而有效的方法。在117例病例中,远期随访有40％以上有长期疗效。作者对治疗中所产生的痛苦和严重并发症作了重新估价,认为严重的并发症大多是由于药液逆流到肾实质和腹膜后淋巴组织外所造成,都和操作有一定关系,所以是可以避免的,并对其操作方法提出了改进意见。     

生物氧化结合臭氧消毒生活饮用水净化处理的效果

目的：研究生物氧化结合臭氧消毒的方法对生活饮用水深度净化处理的效果。方法：二次供水经生物滤池、活性炭柱及臭氧消毒，处理前后分别取水测定水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、细菌总数及总大肠菌群等指标的含量，观察二次供水经不同阶段技术处理后，水质的变化情况。结果：二次供水经生物滤池处理后，氨氮的去除率为98．92％，亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为99．40％，硝酸盐氮略有增加，但仍在生活饮用水卫生标准允许的范围之内。二次供水经不同阶段净化处理后，细菌总数由处理前的超标到处理后符合饮用水卫生标准。水质其他指标处理前后基本不变。结论：生物氧化结合臭氧消毒的方法对二次供水中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮及细菌总数有很好的去除作用。     

A Double-Blind Parallel Study of Sulconazole Nitrate 1% Cream Compared with Miconazole Nitrate 2% Cream in Dermatophytoses/Eine parallele Doppelblindstudie mit 1% iger Sulconazolnitratcreme und 2% iger Miconazolnitratcreme bei Dermatophytosen

Summary: Forty patients with dermatophytoses were treated with either sulconazole nitrate 1% cream (sulconazole) or miconazole nitrate 2% cream (miconazole) twice daily for three weeks. At the start of the randomised double-blind clinical trial, all KOH and culture results were positive, and 75% of the patients were diagnosed as having tinea pedis and 25% as having other cutaneous dermatophytic infections. Follow-up visits occurred at weeks 2 and 3; all patients who were KOH negative and symptom free at week 3 returned at week 9 for a 6-week post-treatment checkup. Thirty-nine patients completed treatment One sulconazole-treated patient experienced a burning sensation the first day and was therefore withdrawn from the study; no other adverse reaction occurred. Within each treatment group, statistically significant improvement of all parameters investigated occurred at weeks 2 and 3 as compared with baseline. Sulconazole, however, proved to be more rapid in onset of therapeutic response than miconazole. At the week-2 visit, statistically significant differences in favor of sulconazole were elicited for erythema (p = 0.01), scaling (p = 0.03), itching (p = 0.03), and overall clinical improvement (p = 0.0229). Separate analysis of the tinea pedis subgroup likewise showed more rapid improvement of erythema, scaling, and itching sulconazole was used; the difference was statistically significant for overall clinical improvement (p = 0.04). At weeks 2 and 3, both groups exhibited statistically significant mycological cure rates as indicated by negative KOH and culture results. The difference in cure rates between the two groups, however, was not statistially significant A positive KOH at week 9 indicated that one miconazole-treated patient had experienced a relapse; all sulconazole-treated patients remained free of infection. Because of its more rapid onset of symptomatic improvement, sulconazole was considered to be clinically superior to miconazole in the treatment of dermatophytoses. Zusammenfassung: Vierzig Patienten mit Dermatophytosen wurden über 3 Wochen 2mal täglich entweder mit 1% iger Sulconazolnitratcreme oder mit 2% iger Miconazolnitratcreme behandelt. Zu Begjnn der randomisierten klinischen Doppelblindstudie waren alle Nativpräparate und Pilzkulturen positiv. 75% der Patienten hatten eine Tinea pedis, 25% hatten andere Dermatophytosen der Haut. Untersuchungen fanden 2 und 3 Wochen nach Beginn der Behandlung statt. Alle Patienten mit klinischer Abheilung und negativem Nativpräparat nach 3-wöchiger Behandlung kamen 9 Wochen nach Behandlungsbeginn nochmals zu einer Untersuchung 6 Wochen nach Therapieende. 39 Patienten führten die Behandlung vollständig durch. Ein Patient mit Sulconazolbehandlung fühlte am ersten Tag ein Brennen an der Haut und wurde daher nicht weiterbehandelt. Andere unerwünschte Wirkungen wurden nicht beobachtet. Innerhalb jeder Behandlungsgruppe zeigten sich statistisch signifikante Besserungen bei alien überprüften Merkmalen beim Vergleich zwischen dem Ausgangsbefund und den Befunden nach 2 und 3 Wochen. Unter Sulconazol setzte der therapeutische Erfolg rascher ein als unter Miconazol. Bei der Untersuchung nach 2 Wochen war ein günstigerer Effekt des Sulconazol in bezug auf folgende Parameter festzustellen: Rötung (p = 0,01), Schuppung (p = 0,03), Juckreiz (p = 0,03), generelle klinische Besserung (p = 0,0229). Auch in der Untergruppe der Tinea pedis war ein rascheres Ansprechen von Rötung, Schuppung und Juckreiz bemerkbar. Für die allgemeine klinische Besserung war auch hier der Unterschied statistisch signifikant (p = 0,04). Nach 2 und 3 Wochen zeigten beide Gruppen statistisch signifikante Heilungsraten, wie durch Negativwerden von Nativpräparat und Kulturen nachzuweisen war. Der Unterschied der Heilungsraten zwischen beiden Gruppen war nicht statistisch signifikant. Ein Miconzol-behandelter Patient erlitt nach 9 Wochen mit erneut positivem Nativpräparat ein Rezidiv. Alle Sulconazol-behandelten Patienten blieben erscheinungsfrei. Wegen des rascheren Einsatzes des Therapieerfolges wurde Sulconazol als Präparat gewertet, das in der Therapie von Dermatophytosen dem Miconazal klinisch überlegen ist.     

The Importance of the Vehicle in the Treatment of Dermatophytosis in Hereditary Palmo-Plantar Keratoderma

Summary: 37 patients with hereditary palmo-plantar keratoderma and dermatophytosis were treated for 6 weeks with either Pevaryl® -cream¹ or a cream containing 50% propylene glycol and 1% econazole nitrate. A wash out period of 2 weeks followed. The trial was performed double blind and the patients were assessed after 2 months. The parameters studied were: 1. over all clinical assessment, 2. degree of scaling, itching, fissuring, hyperhidrosis and pain, 3. direkt microscopic examination and conventional culture for dermatophytes performed before and after the study period. 5 patients dropped out (4 of those treated with Pevaryl® -cream and 1 with Econazole-propylene-glycol-cream). Econazole-propylene-glycol-cream proved to be significantly more effective than Pevaryl® -cream.
Zusammenfassung: 37 Patienten mit Keratodermia palmo-plantaris hereditaria Unna-Thost und Dermatophytose wurden 6 Wochen entweder mit Pevaryl® -Creme¹ oder mit einer Cremekomposition, die 50% Propylenglycol und 1% Econazolenitrat enthielt, behandelt. Darauf folgte eine 2 wöchige "Wash out"-Periode. Die Studie wurde doppelblind durchgeführt, und die Patienten wurden nach 2 Monaten beurteilt. Die untersuchten Variablen waren: 1. klinische Beurteilung, 2. der Grad der Schuppung, Rißbildung, Hyperhidrose, Jucken und Schmerzen, 3. Mikroskopische und kulturelle Untersuchung auf Dermatophyten vor und nach Beendigung der Studie. 5 Patienten fielen aus (4 mit Pevaryl®-Creme und 1 mit Econazol-Propylenglycol-Creme behandelt). Econazol-Propylenglycol-Creme stellte sich als signifikativ effektiver als Pevaryl® -Creme heraus.     

Determination of renal porphyrin handling in rats suffering from different kinds of chronic renal failure (CRF): Uranyl nitrate (UN) induced fibrosis or 5/6-nephrectomy (5/6NX)

The renal handling of porphyrins is reported to be a sensitive marker for chronic renal failure (CRF) for two reasons: heme is synthesised in proximal tubules and porphyrins are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubule by apical peptide transporter PEPT 2. Two different models of CRF in female Wistar rats have been used for investigation of renal porphyrin handling: (1) single administration of uranyl nitrate (UN; 0.5 mg/100 g b.wt.) and (2) 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NX). Renal clearance experiments were performed at weeks 2 and 10 after the onset of CRF. The concentrations of porphyrin intermediates (uroporphyrin I and III, coproporphyrin I and III, heptaporphyrin, and pentaporphyrin) were measured by HPLC with fluorescence detection.

Both after UN and 5/6NX a significant reduction of body weight occurred. The kidney weight was enhanced 2 weeks after UN compared to controls (+31%). After 5/6NX, the weight of the remnant kidney was 44% (2^nd week) and 140% (10^th week) higher compared to one control kidney.

Urine volumes and GFR were significantly reduced at week 2 and 10 after 5/6NX, but at week 10 after UN values were comparable to controls.

Two weeks after UN and 5/6NX the concentrations of heptaporphyrin was moderately decreased in renal tissue whereas after 10 weeks the concentrations of most porphyrins were increased in the kidney. The plasma levels of free porphyrins were only slightly enhanced (week 2). The renal excretion of porphyrins was initially slightly reduced in both models, whereas it increases 10 weeks after UN, but it remained reduced 10 weeks after 5/6NX.

UN induces tubulointerstitial fibrosis including atrophic glomeruli, whereas 5/6NX was characterized by distinct proteinuria, dilated tubules containing hyaline casts. A modulation of porphyrin metabolism in the kidney seems first of all to be responsible for UN effect on renal porphyrin handling. Summing up the 5/6NX results, both reduction in intact renal tissue mass and a modification of enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis by uraemic toxins are responsible for accumulation of porphyrins in renal tissue. After 5/6NX reduced excretion of porphyrins into urine and enhanced porphyrin concentrations in the kidney indicate more a damage of renal porphyrin biosynthesis than changes in their reabsorption.