早期护理干预对早产儿智能发育的影响

目的 :探讨早期护理干预对早产儿智能发育的影响。方法 :将 69例早产儿随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组从新生儿期开始接受以家庭为中心的护理干预 ,对照组常规育儿 ,在 1.5岁、2岁时均用Baylay婴幼儿发育量表测试。结果 :干预组 1.5岁、2岁早产儿精神发育指数(MDI)、运动发育指数(PDI)均比对照组高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :早期护理干预可促进早产儿的智能发育     

药物制剂专业由工科向理科转型的探索

药物制剂作为一个应用性强的专业,越来越为社会所重视。根据国家教育部规定,全国开设的药物制剂专业均应定位于理科专业,药物制剂专业需由工科向理科进行转型。结合学校药物制剂专业的现状,从培养方案、师资队伍、教学改革与教学研究、教学和科研条件等方面,对药物制剂专业由工科向理科转型涉及的各项工作进行了探讨,也为理科类药物制剂专业的建设与发展提供参考。     

以克服药品不良反应为目的开发新复方制剂的思路与策略

增强疗效,减少不良反应是新药研发工作的重中之重。复方制剂不但具有降低不良反应发生率,提高药效的作用,还具有研发成本低和研发周期短的特点,因此已经成为新药研发的热点。本文综述了以克服药品不良反应为目的而设计的复方制剂,阐述了通过新的药物组合减少由于药理作用带来的个性不良反应,以及通过新的制剂技术减少血药浓度波动带来的共性不良反应2种复方制剂设计策略出发,以期为复方制剂的研发提供有益的思路。     

胎儿小脑表面叶裂的产前超声研究

目的研究正常胎儿小脑表面叶裂随孕周的变化规律并建立孕16~32周正常胎儿小脑叶裂数目参考值。 方法选取2019年6月至2020年12月在南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院行产前超声检查无结构异常的644名妊娠12~32周的单胎孕妇,按孕周分为2个时间段观察：孕12~15周为阶段1,孕16~32周为阶段2,在二维图像上观察原裂、水平裂的显示情况并计数孕16~32周小脑原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后的叶裂数目及总数目,并分析其形态变化。随机抽取40名阶段2胎儿行叶裂数目两测量者间的组内相关系数（ICC）分析;建立阶段2胎儿小脑叶裂数目的参考值范围,采用Spearman相关行叶裂数目与孕周的相关性分析并建立拟合方程。 结果叶裂数目的计数两观察者之间的重复性检验一致性较好（ICC=0.969,P＜0.001）。各散点图显示正常胎儿小脑原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后叶裂数目及总数目与孕周呈正相关（r=0.863、0.698、0.831、0.932,P均＜0.001）。建立了各区域叶裂数目及总数目与孕周的二次多项式回归方程,原裂之前、原裂与水平裂之间、水平裂之后叶裂数以及总数目与孕周的回归方程分别为：Y=0.974X-0.014X ² -12.65,Y=0.362X-0.005X ² -4.843,Y=-0.125X+0.006X ² +0.285,Y=1.800X-0.024X ² -22.904。 结论利用产前超声可以较好地观察胎儿小脑表面叶裂并对其发育情况作出初步评估。胎儿小脑表面叶裂数目的正常参考值以及形态变化规律能为产前超声评估小脑皮质发育作出参考。     

Kaolin-induced ventriculomegaly at weaning produces long-term learning,memory, and motor deficits in rats

Ventriculomegaly occurs when there is imbalance between creation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); even when treated, long-term behavioral changes occur. Kaolin injection in the cisterna magna of rats produces an obstruction of CSF outflow and models one type of hydrocephalus. Previous research with this model shows that neonatal onset has mixed effects on Morris water maze (MWM) and motoric performance; we hypothesized that this might be because the severity of ventricular enlargement was not taken into consideration. In the present experiment, rats were injected with kaolin or saline on postnatal day (P)21 and analyzed in subgroups based on Evan's ratios (ERs) of the severity of ventricular enlargement at the end of testing to create 4 subgroups from least to most severe: ER0.4–0.5, ER0.51–0.6, ER0.61–0.7, and ER0.71–0.82, respectively. Locomotor activity (dry land and swimming), acoustic startle with prepulse inhibition (PPI), and MWM performance were tested starting on P28 (122 cm maze) and again on P42 (244 cm maze). Kaolin-treated animals weighed significantly less than controls at all times. Differences in locomotor activity were seen at P42 but not P28. On P28 there was an increase in PPI for all but the least severe kaolin-treated group, but no difference at P42 compared with controls. In the MWM at P28, all kaolin-treated groups had longer path lengths than controls, but comparable swim speeds. With the exception of the least severe group, probe trial performance was worse in the kaolin-treated animals. On P42, only the most severely affected kaolin-treated group showed deficits compared with control animals. This group showed no MWM learning and no memory for the platform position during probe trial testing. Swim speed was unaffected, indicating motor deficits were not responsible for impaired learning and memory. These findings indicate that kaolin-induced ventriculomegaly in rats interferes with cognition regardless of the final enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, but final size critically determines whether lasting locomotor, learning, and memory impairments occur.     

The Maternal Adversity,Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Project: Theory and Methodology

Objective:

To describe the theory and methodology of the multi-wave, prospective Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) study. The goal of MAVAN is to examine the pre- and postnatal influences, and their interaction, in determining individual differences in mental health.

Method:

MAVAN is a community-based, birth cohort study of pregnant Canadian mothers and their offspring. Dyads are assessed longitudinally, with multiple assessments of both mother and child in home and laboratory across the child’s development. Study measures, including assessments of cognitive and emotional function, are described. The study uses a candidate gene approach to examine gene–environment interdependence in specific developmental outcomes. Finally, the study includes measures of both brain-based phenotypes and metabolism to explore comorbidities associated with child obesity. One of the unique features of the MAVAN protocol is the extensive measures of the mother–child interaction. The relation between these measures will be discussed.

Results:

Evidence from the MAVAN project shows interesting results about maternal care, families, and child outcomes. In our review, preliminary analyses showing the correlations between measures of maternal care are reported. As predicted, early evidence suggests that maternal care measures are positively correlated, over time.

Conclusions:

This review provides evidence for the feasibility and value of laboratory-based measures embedded within a longitudinal birth cohort study. Though retention of the samples has been a challenge of MAVAN, they are within a comparable range to other studies of this nature. Indeed, the trade-off of somewhat greater participant burden has allowed for a rich database. The results yielded from the MAVAN project will not only describe typical development but also possible targets for intervention. Understanding certain endophenotypes will shed light on the pathogenesis of various mental and physical disorders, as well as their interrelation.