芩连胶囊中重金属及其胶囊壳中铬元素的含量测定及安全风险评估

目的：测定芩连胶囊中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜等5种重金属及有害元素及胶囊壳中的铬元素,并对含量结果进行风险评估。方法：样品经微波消解后,分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）和原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）测定芩连胶囊中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜等5种元素的含量,以及胶囊壳中铬元素的含量。结果：各元素在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好（r均不低于0.999 9）;精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD≤1.9%;平均加样回收率为92.3%～99.3%,RSD≤2.3%（n=6）;样品中重金属各元素含量均在规定限度范围。结论：两种测定方法操作简便、灵敏度高、专属性强、结果准确、可靠,为芩连胶囊的安全性评价及质量控制提供参考。     

药食同源品中重金属的检测方法与思考

2002年卫生部发布"既是食品又是药品的物品名单",即规定87种药食同源品可以作为我国保健食品的原料。这些药食同源品的功效成分已有大量研究,但有关其中的重金属检测研究相对较少。而食品安全和保健食品的质量控制是当前国内外关注和需要迫切解决的问题。总结了重金属的多种检测方法,同时就已报道的药食同源品中汞、砷、铅和镉的检测数据进行统计,分析目前的检测现状及存在的问题,为药食同源品作为保健食品的原料选用和质量控制及安全使用提供依据。     

黄芪中4种重金属元素含量的测定

目的测定黄芪中As,Hg,Cd,Pb 4种重金属元素的含量。方法用原子荧光光谱法测重金属含量。结果黄芪中As,Hg,Cd,Pb含量分别为0.6053,0.0130,0.0082,7.1975（mg.kg-1）,对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数r〉0.9995,加标回收率为98.3%~101.5%,RSD≤2.1%。结论该方法快速、简便、准确且灵敏度高,可用于黄芪中重金属元素的含量测定。     

Plasma aluminum is a risk factor for oxidative stress and inflammation status in hemodialysis patients

Objectives

The association between aluminum (Al), essential trace metals, oxidative stress, and inflammation status was evaluated in hemodialysis patients.

Design and methods

Biochemical parameters in blood were determined in long-term hemodialysis patients (n = 69) and age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (n = 30).

Results

Compared with healthy subjects, patients had significantly higher concentrations of plasma Al. Elevated Al was negatively associated with the essential metals zinc, selenium, and iron. Al concentrations were strongly and positively correlated with contents of the oxidation products malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl. Inverse relationships were observed between Al concentrations and reduced concentrations of glutathione, β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Patients were also observed to have significantly increased production values of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-5.

Conclusion

An increased plasma Al concentration is associated with disturbed concentrations of essential metals, increased oxidative stress, and increased inflammation status in hemodialysis patients.     

Bioaccumulation and biochemical markers in feral crab (Carcinus maenas) exposed to moderate environmental contamination—The impact of non‐contamination‐related variables

Moderate contamination is a challenging scenario for ecotoxicologists because of the occurrence of subtle biomarker responses and the increased relevance of non‐contamination related variables. This investigative biomonitoring study was performed in a moderately contaminated coastal system (Óbidos lagoon, Portugal) to examine winter–summer variations on biochemical responses and accumulated metals in Carcinus maenas, searching for associations with environmental and biological factors. Males and females were collected in three sites: Barrosa (BB) and Bom‐Sucesso (BS) in upper lagoon, and the middle lagoon (ML), closer to the lagoon inlet. Water and sediment were monitored for metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S‐transferase (GST), total glutathione content (GSH_t), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD), as well as Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr and Cd were measured in the crabs' hepatopancreas. Inter‐site differences, though infrequent, pointed to the presence of crab stressors at BB. This was particularly obvious in summer when higher GST as well as lower GSH_t and EROD were found in females, and accompanied by higher Ni accumulation. Seasonal differences of biochemical responses superimposed spatial variations in line with the contrasting winter–summer conditions regarding water quality and, to a lesser extent, with metal bioaccumulation. CAT, GSH_t, and LPO were higher in summer, whereas enhancements of GPx and GST were recorded in winter. Winter increases were in agreement with higher availability of metals in water and enhancement of accumulated levels, particularly in females as emphasized by a bioaccumulation index. On the other hand, increases in summer were mainly driven by non‐contamination related factors. Males and females exhibited different patterns of metal accumulation and biochemical responses, with females being more responsive, as confirmed by a general stress index (IBR). Results recommend gender separation in biomonitoring programs using crabs. The integration of biochemical responses into IBR substantiated data interpretation. This is particularly relevant under moderate contamination allowing for better site‐distinction rather than biochemical responses considered individually. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.     

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of an Equimolar Cr-Mn-Fe-Co High-Entropy Alloy

The oxidation behavior of an equimolar Cr-Mn-Fe-Co high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by 3D laser printing was investigated at 700 °C and 900 °C. The oxidation kinetics of the alloy followed the parabolic rate law, and the oxidation rate constant increased with the rising of the temperature. Inward diffusion of oxygen and outward diffusion of cations took place during the high-temperature oxidation process. A spinel-type oxide was formed on the surface, and the thickness of the oxide layer increased with the rising of experimental temperature or time. The exfoliation of the oxide layer took place when the test was operated at 900 °C over 12 h. During oxidation tests, the matrix was propped open by oxides and was segmented into small pieces. The formation of loose structures had great effects on the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the HEA.     

MOSFET探测器在放射治疗临床实时剂量监测中的应用研究

目的:探讨金属氧化物半导体场效应管(MOSFET)探测器在头、胸腹、盆腔、乳腺等部位以及调强验证中的实时剂量监测结果、临床使用范围及应用价值。方法:按照国际原子能委员会(IAEA)标准规程对MOSFET探测器进行刻度。选取全脑照射患者16例,盆腔照射患者12例,腹部照射患者10例,胸部照射患者4例,乳腺照射患者1例,调强放射治疗(IMRT)验证1例,进行临床实时剂量监测90次,实时监测剂量与计划系统计算剂量相比较,对偏差值进行分析研究。结果:头部、盆腔患者的剂量偏差为(1.47±2.17)%,最大偏差4.9%;腹部(含倾斜入射以及使用楔形板的患者)剂量偏差为(-0.23±2.93)%,最大偏差6.4%;胸部照射患者的剂量偏差为(6.14±2.2)%,最大偏差9.2%;乳腺组织(切线野照射)剂量偏差>14%;IMRT剂量验证偏差为-3.75%。结论:MOSFET探测器对头、盆腔部位的实时剂量监测准确、便捷,可做为临床质控的重要环节来确保患者最终接受剂量的准确性。对胸、腹和乳腺部位由于测量中不确定因素过多,偏差结果难于分析,因此不适合使用MOS-FET进行实时剂量的监测。     

基于微波消解和ICP-AES技术的鹿角胶中有害元素测定

目的:建立测定鹿角胶中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜和铬元素含量的方法.方法:采用微波消解和ICP-AES法同时测定11批市售鹿角胶中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜和铬元素的含量.微波消解条件为0 ～3 min,1600 W,110℃;3～6 min,1600 W,150℃;6 ～ 16 min,1600 W,185℃.ICP-AES仪器测定条件为入射功率1.4 kW,冷却气氩气,冷却气流量12 L·min-1,载气流量1L·min-1,辅助气流量0.8 L·min-1,样品提升量1 mL· min-1.结果:铅、镉、砷、汞、铜和铬元素检测限分别为0.15,0.01,0.27,0.08,0.03,0.03 mg· kg-1,加样回收率90％ ～ 112％,精密度、重复性均符合检测要求.各样品中镉、砷、汞元素均未检出,除F生产的样品中未检测到铅元素外,均检测出铅、铜和铬元素,其中部分样品中铬元素含量较高.结论:建立的方法准确、快捷,适用于胶类药材中有害元素的测定.     

Toxicological Study of the Anam River in Otuocha,Anambra State,Nigeria

The authors studied the quality of water and soil samples from the Anam River in Nigeria. Using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, they analyzed levels of lead, cadmium, copper, and nickel. They also analyzed sulfates, nitrates, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, total dissolved solids, pH values, electrical conductivity, chloride, and salinity. The ranges of detected metals were 0.002-0.005 mg/L for cadmium, 0.008-0.016 mg/L for lead, and 0.580-1.345 mg/L for copper. In the soil samples, the authors detected cadmium (0.07-3.45 ppm), copper (4.38-13.54 ppm), lead (0.59-7.34 ppm), and nickel (0.36-5.64 ppm). The mean values of the chemical parameters were 11.34 ± 1.20 mg/L for total hardness, 4.43 ± 1.54 mg/L for biological oxygen demand, 20.00 ± 0.00 mg/L for total dissolved solids, and 0.22 ± 0.05 mg/L for nitrates. Chloride, salinity, electrical conductivity, and pH values were 8.00 ± 1.73 mg/L, 14.44 ± 3.13 mg/L, 19.33 ± 0.67 μs cm-L, and 7.09 ± 0.05, respectively. The World Health Organization guidelines for the parameters in soil were exceeded.     

Progesterone, selected heavy metals and micronutrients in pregnant Nigerian women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion

Background

Environmental and endocrine factors have been implicated in the aetiology of recurrent abortion, with poorly understood roles. Luteal phase insufficiency marked with insufficient progesterone secretion has been reported.

Objective

To define the involvement of progesterone, trace metals, and Vitamin E in pregnant women with history of recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Methods

Convenience sampling method was used to recruit 69 pregnant women aged 21–41 years with gestational age of 0–20 weeks in this case-control study. Thirty five (cases) and thirty four (controls) had previous and no history of recurrent spontaneous abortion respectively. Demographic characteristics and 10mls of blood samples were obtained from each subject. Serum obtained was used for the determination of progesterone, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, and serum vitamin E by standard methods.

Results

Results showed statistically significant decreases (p<0.05) in the serum zinc, copper, and vitamin E and a significant elevation (p<0.05) in the serum selenium, lead, and cadmium in cases compared with controls. Insignificant decrease (p=0.07) was observed in the serum progesterone when cases were compared with controls.

Conclusion

Results suggest that elevated serum heavy metals (cadmium and lead) and reduction of essential micronutrients (zinc, copper and vitamin E) may contribute to recurrent spontaneous abortion.