济宁市区自来水重金属检测与健康风险评价

目的检测济宁市15个居民区210份自来水样中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰的浓度,并做健康风险评价。方法采用原子吸收光谱法测定水样中五种元素含量,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各元素引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果济宁市15个居民区自来水中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰的质量浓度范围分别为1.08~18.1μg/L,0.017~0.083μg/L,0.024~0.049 mg/L,0.083~0.535 mg/L,2.05~6.04μg/L,五种元素通过饮水途径所致的健康风险在10-9/a~10-8/a之间,远低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10-5/a）。结论济宁市区自来水中铅、镉、铜、锌、锰不会对人群引起健康危害。     

不同产地浙贝母中重金属的含量分析

[目的]比较不同产地浙贝母中重金属含量的差异,为浙贝母的临床用药安全提供可靠的依据。[方法]采用紫外分光光度法,在300nm波长下,测定6个不同产地浙贝母重金属含量。结果:不同产地浙贝母中重金属含量存在一定差异,其中浙江鄞州三个产地的重金属总量均符合要求,而浙江磐安及江苏南通、海安重金属总量均有不同程度的超标。[结论]本测定结果可为浙贝母药材的质量评价和临床用药安全提供参考。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定中成药中重金属的含量

目的:测定中成药银丹心脑通胶囊、金莲花胶囊和七叶安神滴丸中重金属铅、砷、镉的含量。方法:采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,样品消化后直接进行测定。结果:重金属铅、砷、镉的进样浓度分别在3～18、20～80、0.2～1.2μg.L-1范围内与吸光度线性关系良好,r分别为0.9996、0.9999、0.9998;3种成分的回收率在95%～103%之间。结论:上述中成药中所含铅、砷、镉含量均符合规定;本法简单、快速、灵敏,适用于中成药中微量重金属的分析。     

Determinants of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in Chinese children with acute leukemia

The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidized nucleoside of DNA, not only is a widely used biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage, but might also be a risk factor for many diseases including cancer. Elevated level of urinary 8-OHdG has been detected in patients with various malignancies. In the present study, the level of urinary 8-OHdG was examined in 116 Chinese children with acute leukemia (94 acute lymphoid leukemia, ALL, 22 acute myeloid leukemia, AML), and its correlation with urinary metal elements was investigated. Our result showed that the level of urinary 8-OHdG in children with acute leukemia before treatment was significantly elevated compared with that in normal controls (11.92 +/- 15.42 vs. 4.03 +/- 4.70 ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05). In particular, urinary 8-OHdG was higher in children with acute leukemia aged under 3 years (20.86 +/- 21.75 ng/mg creatinine) than in those aged 3-15 years (8.09 +/- 9.65 ng/mg creatinine), whereas no differences were shown in terms of gender, parental smoking and education, household income, place of residence, and use of paracetamol. In addition, urinary 8-OHdG levels were similar among different subtypes of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) patients. Furthermore, linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and urinary Cr, but not Fe or As, in group aged <3 years compared with group aged 3-15 years (P = 0.041), indicating that the metal elements may be involved in increasing urinary 8-OHdG level in younger children with acute leukemia. Our results suggest that children with acute leukemia undergo an increased risk of oxidative DNA damage, which may be correlated with high level of Cr exposure in Chinese children with acute leukemia.     

Cadmium tolerance in seven Daphnia magna clones is associated with reduced hsp70 baseline levels and induction

The stress protein hsp70 is part of the intracellular alarm and repair system which enables organisms to counteract negative effects of toxicants on protein integrity. Under long-term selection pressure exerted by environmental pollution, in particular heavy metals, this system may be expected to play a major role in the course of local, microevolutionary events leading to the acquisition of toxicant resistance. Seven clones of Daphnia magna from different geographical regions were characterized regarding their sensitivity to Cd, their hsp70 expression, and Cd accumulation. In an acute immobilisation assay, the tested clones showed remarkable differences in their sensitivity to Cd. The highest EC₅₀ values by far were obtained for the clone displaying lowest hsp70 expression. In general, hsp70 levels reflected the order of sensitivity to Cd among the seven clones reciprocally. Clonal variations in sensitivity and hsp70 expression could not be related to differential accumulation of Cd, though. In summary, the association of stress insensitivity with low hsp70 induction which has been exemplarily reported for populations of different invertebrates under strong selection pressure could be affirmed for a largely parthenogenetic species for the first time. Furthermore, our observation has serious consequences for the interpretation of toxicological assays using a single D. magna clone solely.     

Toxic effect of heavy metals on dermatophytes

For determining the toxic effect of heavy metals on dermatophytes, eight heavy metals were tested using colony diameter method. Cadmium showed high toxicity effects on isolated fungi at minimal inhibitory concentration of 27 μg ml^?1 for Trichophyton mentagrophytes and of 20 μg ml^?1 for Epidermophyton floccosum, while iron enhanced dermatophytic growth. Other heavy metals revealed variable effect on isolated fungi. Susceptibility of E. floccosum to the activity of tested metals was greater than those of T. mentagrophytes. In conclusion, cadmium and silver are regarded to be the effective metals to prevent the development of two isolated species of dermatophytes. Growth of fungi in the presence of iron was greater than control.     

Heavy Metals in the Farming Environment and in some Selected Aquaculture Species in the Van Phong Bay and Nha Trang Bay of the Khanh Hoa Province in Vietnam

Aquaculture is currently one of the most rapidly growing production sectors in Vietnam. This publication describes the concentrations of heavy metals in the farming environment and some aquaculture species in the Khanh Hoa Province in Vietnam. The concentration of total As in the sediments ranged from 0.07 to 0.64 mg/kg, whereas the concentration of Hg varied from <0.0005 to 0.56 mg/kg. The corresponding concentration span for Cd and Pb, were 0.001–0.069 and 0.016–0.078 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of As in the aquaculture organisms spanned from 0.14 to 1.03 mg/kg. For Hg the concentrations varied from 0.1 to 0.45 mg/kg, for Cd from 0.02 to 0.10 mg/kg and for Pb from 0.07 to 0.37 mg/kg.     

Heavy metal concentrations in soils as determined by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), with special emphasis on chromium

Soil is unanimously considered as one of the most important sink of heavy metals released by human activities. Heavy metal analysis of natural and polluted soils is generally conducted by the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) on adequately obtained soil extracts. Although in recent years the emergent technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied widely and with increasing success for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of a number of heavy metals in soil matrices with relevant simplification of the conventional methodologies, the technique still requires further confirmation before it can be applied fully successfully in soil analyses. The main objective of this work was to demonstrate that new developments in LIBS technique are able to provide reliable qualitative and quantitative analytical evaluation of several heavy metals in soils, with special focus on the element chromium (Cr), and with reference to the concentrations measured by conventional ICP spectroscopy. The preliminary qualitative LIBS analysis of five soil samples and one sewage sludge sample has allowed the detection of a number of elements including Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Si, Ti, V and Zn. Of these, a quantitative analysis was also possible for the elements Cr, Cu, Pb, V and Zn based on the obtained linearity of the calibration curves constructed for each heavy metal, i.e., the proportionality between the intensity of the LIBS emission peaks and the concentration of each heavy metal in the sample measured by ICP. In particular, a triplet of emission lines for Cr could be used for its quantitative measurement. The consistency of experiments made on various samples was supported by the same characteristics of the laser-induced plasma (LIP), i.e., the typical linear distribution confirming the existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) condition, and similar excitation temperatures and comparable electron number density measured for all samples. An index of the anthropogenic contribution of Cr in polluted soils was calculated in comparison to a non-polluted reference soil. Thus, the intensity ratios of the emission lines of heavy metal can be used to detect in few minutes the polluted areas for which a more detailed sampling and analysis can be useful.     

微核试验在接触有害重金属人群监测中的应用

目的探讨应用微核试验在接触有害重金属作业人群中的使用价值。方法观察组：29名观察者为镉作业人群,对照组：35名性别年龄与观察组一致的健康人群。抽取观察组与对照组的肝素抗凝静脉血进行微核试验,并通过淋巴细胞浆分裂阻断微核法（cytokine-sis block micronucleus mthods.简称CB微核法^[1]）.与普通微核法的比较,确定微核试验的有效性和准确性。结果观察组中镉作业人群微核率,CB微核法为（10.46±7.92）‰,普通微核法为（3.66±3.19）‰;对照组分别为（4.29±2.66）‰、（1.19±1.10）‰。CB微核法的测定结果明显高于普通微核法（P〈0.01）。结论进一步验证了微核试验在接触有害重金属作业人群中的有效性和实用性。