Health promotion training needs analysis: an integral role for clinical nurses in Lanarkshire,Scotland*

Training needs analysis is considered essential to professional and organizational development, for continuing education and for incorporation into professional practice. Increasingly, nurses are encouraged to develop their health promotion role. Despite this there has been relatively little research in Scotland into the health promotion role of the hospital nurse. This study describes the results of a health promotion training needs analysis undertaken on qualified, hospital-based nurses in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Information on the nurses' current health promotion practices, their attitudes and beliefs, their views on role development and priorities for further training were collated, analysed and discussed within the framework of the Health Action Model. This model was originally designed to assist understanding of the gap that exists between an individual intention to act and the eventual health action. However, in this study the ways in which ‘cognitive factors’ (knowledge and beliefs) and ‘motivational factors’ (considering values, attitudes and drives) and pressures from social norms and significant others assisted in the understanding of the nurse's orientation to, and beliefs about, health promotion practice. Fifty-seven per cent of nurses in the study considered health promotion activities to be emerging in clinical care and 4% considered them to be advanced. The interest respondents have in role development and the further integration of health promotion activities into nursing practice was explored by ascertaining the nurses' attitudes and beliefs about their own health promotion role. Of 107 respondents, a majority 72 (67%) agreed health promotion interventions to be an important function of the nurse with 29 (27%) strongly agreeing (n=107). Sixty per cent stated they would be interested in developing their role and 30% were very strongly interested. Recommendations are therefore made for future planning and development strategies for the health promotion role of hospital nurses.     

中国汉译西医学著作在日本的流传和影响

调查了十九世纪汉译西洋医学著作在日本的出版和流传情况，有９种汉译西洋医学著作曾在日本出版，其中６种曾多次再版，７种有和训或和译本，这些著作曾在日本医生中广泛流传，促进了西洋医学在日本的传播和普及，对日本医学从传统医学向现代医学的转变起过一定的作用。本文还分析了汉译西洋医学著作能够在日本广泛流传的原因     

北宋官刻雕板医书浅谈

在中国古代医学文献史上，北宋雕板医书是个极其重要而特殊的阶段，其成就首推官刻。北宋10次中央官刻医书以其丰富的内容使宋以前古代医籍第一次得到真正的保存、传播和发展，并创造使用了新的雕板标识方法和技术，统一或规范了部分经典医籍的刊刻形式与版本体例。已成为今天了解古医籍成书源流、判别版本优劣、辨析文字真伪和流派承传、审定史料学术价值的重要手段和依据。     

重视药物利用评价研究,开展药物利用评价活动

药物利用评价是当前医院合理用药的深入发展的重要体现,也是临床药学的重要工作之一。本文论述了药物利用评价的目的、意义、方法和进展,以及药物利用评价在医院药房中的应用,以期引起有关人员的重视。     

A combined course of primary health care practice and family medicine at the University of Gezira

The community-based course presented is a longitudinal course running through four semesters in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan. Students combine their regular work in primary health care centres with attachments to a number of families in Wad Medani town. They continue to visit these families regularly throughout their entire medical course with the aim of studying them and helping them with some of their medical and psychosocial problems.     

聚酰亚胺纳米杂化材料的制备、结构和性能

介绍了聚酰亚胺（PI）纳米杂化材料的四种制备方法：溶胶－凝胶法、插层法、分散法、相转移分散聚合法。纳米粒子在PI材料中分散性良好。由于纳米粒子本身 性和纳米粒子改变了PI材料的应力作用点，随着SiO2,AIN等纳米粒子含量增加，PI杂化的玻璃化温度、热分解湿度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、杨式模量、密度增加，线性膨胀系数减少。对介电性能的影响因不同纳米材料而异。     

Mature-age entrants to medical school: a controlled study of sociodemographic characteristics, career choice and job satisfaction

A comparison of 121 mature-age and 270 normal-age entrants who graduated from the University of Queensland Medical School between 1972 and 1987 shows that mature-age entrants are some 7 years older, are more likely to come from public (state) schools and less likely to have parents in professional/technical occupations. Otherwise, the two groups were similar in terms of gender, marital status, number of children, ethnic background and current practice location. The educational background of mature-age entrants prior to admission includes 44.6% with degrees in health-science areas and 31.4% with degrees in non-health areas. Reasons for delayed entry of mature-age entrants include late consideration of medicine as a career (34.7%), financial problems (31.4%), dissatisfaction with previous career (30.6%), poor academic results (19.8%), or a combination of the above factors. Motivations to study medicine include family influences (more so in normal-age entrants), altruistic reasons (more so in mature-age entrants) and a variety of personal/social factors such as intellectual satisfaction, prestige and financial security (similar for both groups) and parental expectations (more so in normal-age entrants). Mature-age entrants experienced greater stress throughout the medical course, especially with regard to financial difficulties, loneliness/isolation from the students and family problems (a greater proportion were married with children). While whole-course grades were similar in both groups, normal-age entrants tended to win more undergraduate honours/prizes and postgraduate diplomas/degrees, including specialist qualifications. Practice settings were similar in terms of group private practice, hospital/clinic practice or medical administration, but there was a greater proportion of mature-age entrants in solo private practice, and a smaller proportion in teaching/research. If given the time over, some two-thirds of both groups would choose medicine as a career. Reasons for job satisfaction include helping patients, intellectual stimulation and financial rewards. Reasons for dissatisfaction include pressure of work, red-tape/paperwork, 'doctor-bashing', long working hours, emotional strain, financial pressure, unfulfilled career expectations and irritation with trivial medical complaints.     

应用质粒分析探讨医院内细菌感染的流行病学特点

为探讨医院内细菌感染的流行病学特点，作者借助临床分离的６４株肺为克雷伯菌，４５株阴沟肠杆菌和６３株醋酸钙不动杆菌，进行质粒图谱分３种细菌分别有５８株，３５株和４１株含有质粒，且分别构成４６个，２１个和２３个质粒图谱型。结果表明：质粒分析为查明医院内细菌感染源和感染途径提供了较为直接，准确的客观依据，同时也看到了质粒分析的局限性。     

Aspects of imported malaria at a district general hospital in non-endemic Kuwait,Arabian Gulf

There is no indigenous mosquito-borne transmission of malaria in Kuwait. However, in a five year period at a district general hospital, the number of laboratory-diagnosed cases of malaria increased annually from 25 to 84, a rise of 336%. Except for two induced infections, all were imported, mainly from the Indian subcontinent. Plasmodium vivax was responsible for 87.29% of the cases; P. falciparum (12.05%), a mixed infection of P. vivax and P. falciparum (0.33%) and a case of P. ovale (0.33%) were also identified. Rapid preparation of acetone-fixed, Giemsa-stained thick blood films, a heightened awareness of the infection, examination of multiple samples of blood from patients and the general resurgence of malaria in endemic areas were some of the factors responsible for the high number of cases diagnosed. Most patients were young males and presented with clinical malaria due to P. vivax between May and October each year, an apparent seasonal peak. However, many were already resident in the country for a variable period. Patients with P. falciparum though, presented clinically within two weeks of arrival in the country. Parasite densities were calculated to monitor the progress of treatment and identify quickly any possible chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strains. A policy of active prophylaxis is suggested to stem the tide of imported malaria.Corresponding author.