Factors associated with breast milk intake among 9–10‐month‐old Malawian infants

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first 6 months of life; thereafter, continued breastfeeding along with nutritious complementary foods is recommended. Continued breastfeeding contributes a substantial proportion of nutrient needs and promotes healthy growth and development, but the quantity of breast milk consumed may be highly variable and little is known about the factors associated with breast milk intake after 6 months of age. The present study was conducted to assess factors associated with breast milk intake of Malawian infants at 9–10 months of age. Breast milk intake was measured using the dose‐to‐mother deuterium oxide dilution method in a subsample of 358 Malawian infants who were participating in a randomized controlled trial of lipid‐based nutrient supplements. Regression analysis was used to assess associations between breast milk intake and several maternal and infant variables. Mean (standard deviation) breast milk intake was 752 (244) g day^–1. In multiple regression, breast milk intake was positively associated with infant weight (+62 g per kg body weight, P < 0.01) and maternal height (P < 0.01) and negatively associated with maternal education and age (P < 0.01). There was a non‐significant (P = 0.063) inverse association between energy from non‐breast milk sources and breast milk intake. In this rural Malawian population, infant weight is the main predictor of breast milk intake, even after the first 6 months of life.     

2型糖尿病患者有效持续运动时间的研究

目的探讨在明确糖尿病患者个体运动强度下,确定有效持续运动时间及运动方案对2型糖尿病患者糖、脂代谢的影响。方法将70例2型糖尿病患者按入院时间分为观察组和对照组各35例。观察组根据最少运动时间制定有效运动方案,对照组患者采用常规运动方法。比较两组患者空腹血糖、血脂、平均运动时间变化。结果经过4周、5周、6周锻炼后,两组空腹血糖及血脂均呈好转趋势,但两组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);观察组平均每次运动时间明显短于对照组(P0.01)。结论以最少持续运动时间的运动处方进行运动能获得与长时间锻炼同样的运动效果,有效控制2型糖尿病患者血糖水平,维持血脂稳定。     

De Novo Belatacept in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Kidney Transplant Recipient

Benefits of belatacept‐based immunosuppressive regimens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive renal transplant recipients include avoidance of drug interactions between calcineurin inhibitors and highly active antiretroviral agents and decreased likelihood or severity of nonimmune toxicities such as new‐onset diabetes after transplant, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. We report a successful case of de novo belatacept at >18 mo from transplant in an HIV‐positive black man aged 50 years who received his first transplant from a living related kidney donor. To our knowledge, this case is the first reported of belatacept use in an HIV‐positive renal transplant recipient.     

Effect of an Early Switch to Belatacept Among Calcineurin Inhibitor–Intolerant Graft Recipients of Kidneys From Extended‐Criteria Donors

Transplant recipients receiving a kidney from an extended‐criteria donor (ECD) are exposed to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity, as demonstrated by severe delayed graft function and/or a low GFR. Belatacept is a nonnephrotoxic drug that is indicated as an alternative to CNIs. We reported 25 cases of conversion from a CNI to belatacept due to CNI intolerance within the first 6 mo after transplantation. The mean age of the recipients was 59 years, and 24 of 25 patients received ECD kidneys. At the date of the medication switch, 12 of 25 patients displayed a calculated GFR (cGFR) <15 mL/min, six patients remained on dialysis, and the biopsies showed evidence of acute tubular damage associated with severe vascular or tubulointerstitial chronic lesions. Three patients did not recover renal function, and three patients died during the follow‐up period. Among the remaining patients, renal function improved: The cGFR was 18.28 ± 12.3 mL/min before the medication switch compared with 34.9 ± 14.5 mL/min at 1 year after conversion to belatacept (p = 0.002). Tolerance of and compliance with belatacept were good, and only one patient experienced acute rejection. Belatacept is an effective therapy that preserves renal function in kidney transplant patients who are intolerant of CNIs.     

Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗不同体质指数2型糖尿病的疗效及其对患者糖脂代谢的影响

目的：探讨Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(RYGB)治疗不同体质指数2型糖尿病的疗效及其对患者糖脂代谢的影响。方法选取2014年1月至2015年12月在涿州市医院外科接受Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗的2型糖尿病患者96例,根据体质量指数(BMI)不同分为高BMI组44例(BMI≥30.0 kg/m2)和低BMI组52例(BMI<30.0 kg/m2)。分别在术前及术后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月检测两组患者的空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽(FC-P)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平、体质量、腰围、BMI和用药情况,比较手术前后的各项指标。随访患者术后12个月的疗效及相关影响因素。结果高BMI组和低BMI组患者手术前,术后1个月、3个月、6个月及12个月的体质量、BMI、腰围的变化趋势比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);脂代谢分析显示,高BMI组和低BMI组患者手术前,术后1个月、3个月、6个月及12个月TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C的变化趋势比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);糖代谢分析显示,高BMI组和低BMI组患者手术前,术后1个月、3个月、6个月及12个月HbA1c、FC-P的变化趋势比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);高BMI组患者FPG水平术后3个月[(5.7±1.4) vs (7.0±1.8)]、6个月[(5.5±1.6) vs (6.7±2.1)]及12个月[(5.4±1.2) vs (6.7±1.6)]明显低于低BMI组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);高BMI组患者2 hPG水平术后1个月[(9.3±1.5) vs (10.8±1.7)]、3个月[(9.0±1.8) vs (10.2±1.4)]及6个月[(7.9±1.3) vs (8.7±1.1)]明显低于低BMI组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);高BMI组患者术后疗效为93.2%,与低BMI组的88.5%比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,术后1年缓解的相关影响因素为FPG、糖尿病病程及术前用药情况(P<0.05)。结论 Roux-en-Y胃旁路术对BMI≥30.0 kg/m2或BMI<30.0 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者均具有良好的疗效和安全性。术前空腹血糖水平低、病程短的2型糖尿病患者术后1年手术缓解率较好。     

Spermatozoa protein alterations in infertile men with bilateral varicocele

Among infertile men, a diagnosis of unilateral varicocele is made in 90% of varicocele cases and bilateral in the remaining varicocele cases. However, there are reports of under-diagnosis of bilateral varicocele among infertile men and that its prevalence is greater than 10%. In this prospective study, we aimed to examine the differentially expressed proteins (DEP) extracted from spermatozoa cells of patients with bilateral varicocele and fertile donors. Subjects consisted of 17 men diagnosed with bilateral varicocele and 10 proven fertile men as healthy controls. Using the LTQ-orbitrap elite hybrid mass spectrometry system, proteomic analysis was done on pooled samples from 3 patients with bilateral varicocele and 5 fertile men. From these samples, 73 DEP were identified of which 58 proteins were differentially expressed, with 7 proteins unique to the bilateral varicocele group and 8 proteins to the fertile control group. Majority of the DEPs were observed to be associated with metabolic processes, stress responses, oxidoreductase activity, enzyme regulation, and immune system processes. Seven DEP were involved in sperm function such as capacitation, motility, and sperm-zona binding. Proteins TEKT3 and TCP11 were validated by Western blot analysis and may serve as potential biomarkers for bilateral varicocele. In this study, we have demonstrated for the first time the presence of DEP and identified proteins with distinct reproductive functions which are altered in infertile men with bilateral varicocele. Functional proteomic profiling provides insight into the mechanistic implications of bilateral varicocele-associated male infertility.     

Proteomic signatures of infertile men with clinical varicocele and their validation studies reveal mitochondrial dysfunction leading to infertility

To study the major differences in the distribution of spermatozoa proteins in infertile men with varicocele by comparative proteomics and validation of their level of expression. The study-specific estimates for each varicocele outcome were combined to identify the proteins involved in varicocele-associated infertility in men irrespective of stage and laterality of their clinical varicocele. Expression levels of 5 key proteins (PKAR1A, AK7, CCT6B, HSPA2, and ODF2) involved in stress response and sperm function including molecular chaperones were validated by Western blotting. Ninety-nine proteins were differentially expressed in the varicocele group. Over 87% of the DEP involved in major energy metabolism and key sperm functions were underexpressed in the varicocele group. Key protein functions affected in the varicocele group were spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which were further validated by Western blotting, corroborating the proteomics analysis. Varicocele is essentially a state of energy deprivation, hypoxia, and hyperthermia due to impaired blood supply, which is corroborated by down-regulation of lipid metabolism, mitochondrial electron transport chain, and Krebs cycle enzymes. To corroborate the proteomic analysis, expression of the 5 identified proteins of interest was validated by Western blotting. This study contributes toward establishing a biomarker “fingerprint” to assess sperm quality on the basis of molecular parameters.