Cerebral Complications of Snakebite Envenoming: Case Studies

There are an estimated 5.4 million snakebite cases every year. People with snakebite envenoming suffer from severe complications, or even death. Although some review articles cover several topics of snakebite envenoming, a review of the cases regarding cerebral complications, especially rare syndromes, is lacking. Here, we overview 35 cases of snakebite by front-fanged snakes, including Bothrops, Daboia, Cerastes, Deinagkistrodon, Trimeresurus, and Crotalus in the Viperidae family; Bungarus and Naja in the Elapidae family, and Homoroselaps (rare cases) in the Lamprophiidae family. We also review three rare cases of snakebite by rear-fanged snakes, including Oxybelis and Leptodeira in the Colubridae family. In the cases of viper bites, most patients (17/24) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, leading to six deaths. We then discuss the potential underlying molecular mechanisms that cause these complications. In cases of elapid bites, neural, cardiac, and ophthalmic disorders are the main complications. Due to the small amount of venom injection and the inability to deep bite, all the rear-fanged snakebites did not develop any severe complications. To date, antivenom (AV) is the most effective therapy for snakebite envenoming. In the six cases of viper and elapid bites that did not receive AV, three cases (two by viper and one by elapid) resulted in death. This indicates that AV treatment is the key to survival after a venomous snakebite. Lastly, we also discuss several studies of therapeutic agents against snakebite-envenoming-induced complications, which could be potential adjuvants along with AV treatment. This article organizes the diagnosis of hemotoxic and neurotoxic envenoming, which may help ER doctors determine the treatment for unidentified snakebite.     

白芍总甙对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织炎症信号表达的影响

目的观察白芍总甙对局灶性脑缺血(Focal Cerebral ischemic,FCI)大鼠脑组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)基因表达的作用。方法参照longa等方法制成大鼠局灶性大脑中动脉梗死(MCAO)模型,将80只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组,溶剂组,白芍总甙低、高两个剂量组,采用RT-PCR法检测缺血灶周围脑组织TLR4基因表达水平。结果生理盐水组TLR4基因相对表达均明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);白芍总甙中高剂量组TLR4相对表达量明显低于生理盐水组(P<0.01)。结论生理盐水组大鼠缺血灶周围脑组织TLR4基因高表达,白芍总甙对TLR4表达有抑制作用,这可能是其抗炎作用的机理之一。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病43例临床与预后分析

分析新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）４３例。有宫内窘迫史者占５８１％,出生重度窒息占８１４％。ＨＩＥ轻度１０例,中度２６例,重度７例。合并心肌损害达４１７％。治愈好转率为８１３％。病死率７０％。随访２４例,轻度ＨＩＥ预后好,中度有明显后遗症者为６７％,重度预后不良。认为加强围生期保健,提高产科质量,进行新法复苏及复苏后处理是降低ＨＩＥ发病率的关键。诊治中应重视心肌损害。使用胞二磷胆碱等脑细胞代谢激活剂辅治ＨＩＥ效果肯定。对于预后,强调早期治疗,早期评分、早期随访、早期干预是改善重度ＨＩＥ预后的几个重要环节。     

颈动脉注射尿激酶治疗缺血性脑梗死疗效研究

目的　探讨颈动脉加压注射尿激酶治疗缺血性脑梗死的疗效。方法　采用前瞻性多中心随机方案 ,将入选患者随机分为两组 ,颈动脉加压注射尿激酶组 (治疗组 ) 132例 ,常规治疗组 (对照组 ) 89例 ;疗效判定依据1986年中华医学会全国第 2次脑血管病学术会议修订的项目制定。结果　 (1)两组疗效比较 ,差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(2 )治疗开始的时间≤ 48小时与 >48小时者的疗效比较无论是治疗组还是对照组 ,差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(3)对治疗组脑梗死急性期的疗效与恢复期及后遗症期相比差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　颈动脉加压注射尿激酶治疗缺血性脑梗死 ,提高了缺血区药物浓度 ,克服了全身用药所致的高费用低疗效 ,疗效明显优于常规方法 ,降低了致残率 ,值得临床推广使用。     

皮质下缺血性脑血管病的临床特征及其认知损害的危险因素

目的观察皮质下缺血性脑血管病（SIVD）患者的临床特征,分析确定SIVD患者认知损害的危险因素。方法根据Erkinjuntti提出的MRI诊断标准入选SIVD患者70例,根据神经心理学评估分为认知正常（NCI）组和血管性认知损害（VCI）组;详细记录其血管性危险因素、症状和体征,应用单因素和多因素Logistic逐步回归进行分析。结果多数（81.4%）患者表现为肢体肌力减退,其次为步态不稳和构音障碍（分别为40.0%、20.0%）,但症状较轻;饮水呛咳和尿失禁各占14.3%。50例（71.4%）患者可检出上运动神经元受损体征;假性延髓麻痹和锥体外系体征者分别为10例、7例（14.3%、10.0%）,共济失调步态异常者仅5例（7.1%）。NCI组和VCI组患者在年龄、性别和受教育年限方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;VCI组患者高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症的发生率明显高于NCI组（P〈0.05）,贫血、饮酒和吸烟史在两组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。非条件Logistic逐步回归分析仅证实有高血压、糖尿病的SIVD患者更易出现认知损害（P〈0.05）,其OR值分别为5.265（1.563,17.731）,3.445（1.008,11.772）,高脂血症〔OR3.649（0.974,11.466）;P=0.027〕对SIVD患者出现认知损害所起的作用尚不能明确。结论年龄可能并不是SIVD认知损害的危险因素;SIVD认知损害的危险因素可能为高血压、糖尿病,而高脂血症与SIVD认知损害的关系尚不确定。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案的研究

目的探讨科学、可行的家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案。方法在文献回顾、半结构式访谈的基础上,基于互动式患者参与患者安全理论框架,初步形成急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。通过19名专家进行2轮德尔菲法专家咨询,修订急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。结果 2轮专家咨询的问卷回收率分别为89.47%和100%,专家权威系数为0.786和0.797。最终形成的急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案包括决策性参与、照护性参与、诉求性参与及安全保障方案4项一级指标,二级指标8项,三级指标29项。结论患者家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案的制订可提高家属对患者活动的关注与支持,对促进卒中患者康复有积极作用。     

Japan II: Physicians Prosper From Volume, 3rd Party Fees

Abstract

Stroke is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients in the United States. A proper understanding of stroke mechanisms helps to guide specific case management. The only therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the management of acute ischemic stroke is initiation of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of symptom onset. Other treatment options include intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, mechanical thrombectomy, clot retrieval, or a combination of these approaches. In this article, we provide an evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach for acute ischemic stroke, including recognizing common stroke mimics. We detail the initial medical management of acute stroke and the medical and surgical therapeutic interventions for patients who have sustained acute ischemic stroke.     

进展性缺血性脑卒中患者CRP、FIB、HCY等水平的研究

目的：探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中的发生是否与患者的血脂、血糖、同型半胱氨酸、纤维蛋白原及C反应蛋白等水平有关。方法整群收集了2009年9月—2012年9月该院收治的239例进展性缺血性脑卒中患者组成治疗组,并选择同期非进展性缺血性脑卒中239例对照患者的临床资料为对照组,对研究对象的血糖、血脂、纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸水平等结果进行系统的研究,并与非进展性缺血性脑卒中相对比。结果进展组与非进展组两组患者血糖、血脂、CRP、FIB、HCY等比较,P均＞0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论进展性缺血性脑卒中的发生与患者的血糖、血脂、纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸水平等无相关性。     

巴曲酶联合阿托伐他汀对缺血性脑卒中患者神经功能及血浆肿瘤坏死因子、同型半胱胺酸、纤维蛋白原的影响

目的探讨巴曲酶联合阿托伐他汀对缺血性脑卒中患者神经功能及血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、同型半胱胺酸(Hcy)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)的影响。方法选取2011年1月至2016年1月期间CIS患者100例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组,各50例,对照组采用营养神经、清除自由基、降压、抗血小板、降颅压与改善脑水肿等对症支持治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采用巴曲酶联合阿托伐他汀治疗。结果观察组患者治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组NIHSS评分、TNF-α、Hcy、Fbg水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后,全部患者上述指标明显低于治疗前,治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中观察组患者上述指标明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论巴曲酶联合阿托伐他汀通过明显降低缺血性脑卒中患者血浆TNF-α、Hcy、Fbg水平,从而明显改善神经功能。