Effects of Bovine Colostrum with or without Egg on In Vitro Bacterial-Induced Intestinal Damage with Relevance for SIBO and Infectious Diarrhea

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs commonly, is difficult to treat, and frequently recurs. Bovine colostrum (BC) and chicken eggs contain immunoglobulins and other components that possess antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, and growth factor activities; however, it is not known if they have the ability to reduce injury caused by the presence of bacteria associated with SIBO (Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Proteus) and infectious diarrhea (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella). We examined the effects of BC, egg, or the combination, on bacterial growth and bacteria-induced changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and bacterial translocation across confluent Caco-2 monolayers. BC, egg, or the combination did not affect bacterial growth. Adding bacteria to monolayers reduced TEER and (with minor variations among species) increased bacterial translocation, increased monolayer apoptosis (increased caspase-3 and Baxα, reduced Bcl2), increased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and reduced cell adhesion molecules zonulin1 (ZO1) and claudin-1. BC, egg, or the combination reduced these effects (all p < 0.01) and caused additional increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) expression. We conclude that BC ± egg strengthens mucosal integrity against a battery of bacteria relevant for SIBO and for infectious diarrhea. Oral BC ± egg may have clinical value for these conditions, especially SIBO where eradication of precipitating organisms may be difficult to achieve.     

Effects of Anthocyanin on Intestinal Health: A Systematic Review

Intestinal health relies on the association between the mucosal immune system, intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Bioactive components that affect the gut microbiota composition, epithelial physical barrier and intestinal morphology were previously studied. The current systematic review evaluated evidence of anthocyanin effects and the ability to improve gut microbiota composition, their metabolites and parameters of the physical barrier; this was conducted in order to answer the question: “Does food source or extract of anthocyanin promote changes on intestinal parameters?”. The data analysis was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines with the search performed at PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases for experimental studies, and the risk of bias was assessed by the SYRCLE tool. Twenty-seven studies performed in animal models were included, and evaluated for limitations in heterogeneity, methodologies, absence of information regarding allocation process and investigators’ blinding. The data were analyzed, and the anthocyanin supplementation demonstrated positive effects on intestinal health. The main results identified were an increase of Bacteroidetes and a decrease of Firmicutes, an increase of short chain fatty acids production, a decrease of intestinal pH and intestinal permeability, an increase of the number of goblet cells and tight junction proteins and villi improvement in length or height. Thus, the anthocyanin supplementation has a potential effect to improve the intestinal health. PROSPERO (CRD42020204835).     

Markers of Intestinal Permeability Are Rapidly Improved by Alcohol Withdrawal in Patients with Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Changes in intestinal microbiome and barrier function are critical in the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). Here, we determined the effects of a one-week alcohol withdrawal on parameters of intestinal barrier function in heavy drinkers with ALD in comparison to healthy non-drinkers (controls). In serum samples of 17 controls (m = 10/f = 7) and 37 age-matched ALD patients (m = 26/f = 11) undergoing a one-week alcohol withdrawal, markers of liver health and intestinal barrier function were assessed. Liver damage, e.g., fibrosis and hepatic steatosis, were assessed using FibroScan. Before alcohol withdrawal, markers of liver damage, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and overall TLR4/TLR2 ligands in serum were significantly higher in ALD patients than in controls, whereas intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and zonulin protein concentrations in serum were lower. All parameters, with the exception of LBP, were significantly improved after alcohol withdrawal; however, not to the level of controls. Our data suggest that one-week of abstinence improves markers of intestinal barrier function and liver health in ALD patients.     

空回肠出血诊断分析

目的 :探讨空回肠出血的病因及诊断方法的选择。方法 :33例空回肠出血患者分别行胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道钡餐、核素扫描、血管造影、剖腹探查及术中肠镜等单项或多项检查 ,手术及病检证实。结果 :33例患者中 ,小肠肿瘤占 13例 (39 39% ) ,以平滑肌瘤多见 ,小肠感染性疾病 8例 (2 4 2 4% ) ,Meckel’s憩室 7例 (2 1 2 1% ) ,血管病变(包括血管瘤 ) 3例 (9 1% ) ,其它 2例 (6 0 6 % )。其临床表现为不同程度的消化道出血 ,黑便多见 (4 2 42 % ) ,约 1/ 3的患者伴有腹痛 ,以中度贫血为多见 (4 8 48% )。核素扫描检查 7例 ,5例均发现小肠出血部位 ,经手术和病理检查证实均为Meckel’s憩室 ;胃镜和 /或结肠镜检查 2 0例 ,5例提示小肠病变 ;剖腹探查 6例 ,其中 1例蓝色橡皮疱痣血管瘤、1例血管畸形、1例坏死性小肠炎 ,3例经术中肠镜发现 1例副伤寒、1例空肠平滑肌瘤、1例肠道钩虫病。结论 :空回肠出血以肿瘤为最常见病因 ,对不明原因的中度贫血伴黑便者应高度怀疑小肠病变 ,核素检查对诊断Meckel’s憩室阳性率高。     

胃幽门螺杆菌与胃粘膜疾病的临床病理研究

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染与胃炎、消化性溃疡、肠化生及胃癌的关系.方法对6318例胃粘膜活检病理切片进行Giemsa、AB(pH2.5)-PAS、HID-AB(pH2.5)染色和肠化生分型.结果HP感染与慢性浅表性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎、胃及十二指肠溃疡、肠化生和胃癌显著相关(P＜0.001),与肠化生类型无显著关系(P＞0.05),与胃癌分型无关.结论HP感染与胃炎、消化性溃疡、肠化生及胃癌有相关性.     

基于肠道菌群和代谢组学研究化滞柔肝颗粒治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制

目的 探讨化滞柔肝颗粒治疗非酒精性脂肪肝（nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）的作用机制。方法 高脂饮食饲养8周构建大鼠NAFLD模型,化滞柔肝颗粒ig给药4周。半自动生化分析仪测定大鼠血脂相关指标;油红O染色观察肝脏组织病理变化;Illumina Miseq测序平台对V3～V4可变区进行扩增和测序,超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UPLCMS/MS）开展血浆代谢组学研究,并结合Spearman进行肠道菌群与代谢组学之间的关联分析。结果 与模型组相比,化滞柔肝颗粒中、高剂量组可显著降低大鼠体质量（P<0.05、0.01）和血清总胆固醇（totalcholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triacylglycerol,TG）水平（P<0.01）,升高高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平（P<0.05、0.01）。此外,化滞柔肝颗粒高剂量组还可显著降低大鼠低密度脂蛋白（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）水平（P<0...     

基于网络药理学和16SrDNA测序的当归六黄汤合煎与单煎治疗阴虚甲亢作用的差异研究

目的 探讨当归六黄汤的抗阴虚甲亢作用,阐释传统汤剂合煎和单煎的差异。方法 运用网络药理学方法,筛选当归六黄汤的主要活性成分和治疗阴虚甲亢疾病的相关靶点,并对交集靶点进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（protein-protein interaction,PPI）网络分析、基因本体（gene ontology,GO）功能和京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）通路富集分析,构建药材-成分-靶点-通路网络;进一步进行实验验证,构建阴虚甲亢大鼠模型,评价当归六黄汤合煎和单煎对阴虚甲亢大鼠体质量、粪便含水率及相关血清学指标的影响;利用16S rDNA测序技术,揭示合煎和单煎对大鼠肠道微生物群落多样性的影响。结果 筛选获得当归六黄汤方中102个活性成分,检索出与阴虚甲亢有关靶点116个。富集分析获得871条GO条目和158条KEGG相关条目（P<0.05）,其中生物过程（biological process,BP）675条、细胞组分（cellular component,CC）77条、分子功能（molecular fu...     

四君子汤非多糖功效组分的体外人源肠、肝微粒体代谢研究

目的 对四君子汤非多糖组分的主要活性成分进行人源肠、肝微粒体中的代谢过程研究,明确其在肠、肝中的代谢轮廓及代谢差异,为其临床应用提供科学证据。方法 应用Acquity UPLC I-class/VION IMS QTOF技术分析四君子汤非多糖组分中主要活性成分（异甘草苷、甘草素、甘草酸、甘草次酸、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷CK、白术内酯III）在人源肠、肝微粒体孵育体系下的代谢产物以及代谢转化途径。结果 甘草酸、甘草次酸在人源肠、肝微粒体中均以I相代谢为主;而甘草素、异甘草苷、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷CK则以肠II相代谢为主。白术内酯III在肠、肝微粒体中代谢均不显著,而四君子汤非多糖功效组分中其他化合物在肠微粒体中代谢速度均比在肝微粒体中更快。此外,甘草皂苷、人参皂苷主要进行脱糖基反应;异甘草苷以脱糖、羟基化等反应为主;甘草素则以葡萄糖醛酸结合为主;白术内酯III则主要发生水解、羟基化反应。结论 阐明了四君子汤非多糖组分中主要活性成分在人体肠道及肝脏中的代谢轮廓及代谢差异,为后续进行四君子汤非多糖功效组分的药效研究提供了数据支持,也为中药复方的功效组分研究提供了思路和策略。