Traumatic stress reactivity promotes excessive alcohol drinking and alters the balance of prefrontal cortex-amygdala activity

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcoholism are highly comorbid in humans and have partially overlapping symptomatic profiles. The aim of these studies was to examine the effects of traumatic stress (and stress reactivity) on alcohol-related behaviors and neuronal activation patterns. Male Wistar rats were trained to respond for alcohol, were exposed to predator odor (bobcat urine) paired with context and were tested for short- and long-term avoidance of the predator odor-paired context, alcohol self-administration and compulsivity of alcohol responding. Rats were re-exposed to the odor-paired context for western blot analysis of ERK phosphorylation in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the amygdala. Rats that avoided the predator-paired chamber (Avoiders) exhibited persistent avoidance up to 6 weeks post conditioning. Avoiders exhibited increases in operant alcohol responding over weeks, as well as more compulsive-like responding for alcohol adulterated with quinine. Following re-exposure to the predator odor-paired context, Avoiders and Non-Avoiders exhibited unique patterns of neuronal activation in subregions of the mPFC and the amygdala, which were correlated with changes in avoidance and alcohol drinking. Furthermore, activity of upstream regions was differentially predictive of downstream regional activity in the Avoiders versus Non-Avoiders. An animal model for assessing the effect of traumatic stress on alcohol drinking reveals individual differences in neuronal activation patterns associated with re-exposure to traumatic stress-related stimuli, and may provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying excessive alcohol consumption in humans with PTSD.     

个体化血糖调治技术预防症状性脑动脉狭窄患者脑梗死发生及复发的效果观察

目的探讨个体化血糖调治技术预防症状性脑动脉狭窄患者脑梗死发生及复发的效果。方法选择初发症状性脑动脉狭窄患者675例,随机分为治疗组472例、对照组203例。两组基本二级预防措施一致,治疗组实施3个阶段6个层次的个体化血糖调治技术,对照组控制糖化血红蛋白<6.5%。随访第3、5年两组功能健康水平、终点事件、不良反应及治疗依从性等。结果治疗组第3、5年功能健康水平均高于对照组(P均<0.05),脑梗死发生和复发、心脏事件、低血糖的发生率均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05),治疗5年病死率低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗依从性高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论个体化血糖调治技术预防症状性脑动脉狭窄患者脑梗死发生及复发效果显著、安全、可靠。     

A variant in microRNA-196a2 is not associated with susceptibility to and progression of colorectal cancer in Chinese

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs with regulatory functions as tumour suppressors and oncogenes. Although single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in miRNA regions have been reported to be rare and unlikely to be functionally important, recent evidence suggested that rs11614913 SNP in miR‐196a2 was associated with the susceptibility of lung cancer, breast cancer, congenital heart disease and shortened survival time of non‐small‐cell lung cancer. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between this genetic variant and the risk and/or progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: A total of 126 CRC patients and 407 healthy controls was periodically enrolled. DNA was extracted from blood specimens, and miR‐196a2 polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–ligation detection reaction (PCR–LDR). Results: Although the frequency of CC homozygotes or miR‐196a2C allele‐containing genotypes (CT and CC) was lower in CRC patients than in the healthy controls, no significant association between miR‐196a2 polymorphism and the risk of CRC was found. The frequency of the ‘C’ allele in CRC patients was also not significantly lower than in healthy controls. In a subsequent analysis of the association between this polymorphism and the progression of CRC, there was still no significant difference in both genotype and allelic frequency. Conclusions: Our results suggest that miR‐196a2 polymorphism is not associated with both an increased risk and progression of CRC in Chinese.     

室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁手术治疗的个体化方案

目的 总结室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁(pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum,PA/IVS)的个体化手术方案.方法 回顾2004年5月至2012年5月,共收治72例PA/IVS患儿(婴),生后1天～5.2岁.平均(1.3±0.6)岁;三尖瓣(TV)中到重度反流58例;均行急诊或亚急诊手术.首次就诊非体外循环下单纯行BT分流术(A组)16例;体外循环下行肺动脉瓣切开后跨瓣补片术加或不加BT分流术(B组)33例;镶嵌治疗方法,闭式肺动脉瓣口的疏通术加或不加BT分流术(C组)22例.其中有16例已完成二期手术.结果 术后死亡10例(13.9％),其中行体外循环下行肺动脉流出道的疏通再加BT术者6例,镶嵌治疗者2例.术后随访,超声检查显示肺动脉瓣的跨瓣压差15～39 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),平均(23±5)mm Hg;三尖瓣反流明显改善,中度反流11例,轻到中度13例,其余均为轻度.术后随访2～5年,8例双心室修补,5例中度的三尖瓣反流加重到重度,右心室严重的发育不良者已行1 1/2心室修补,2例分别完成了单纯BDG和Fontan术.结论 PA/IVS的治疗方法中体肺动脉分流术(MBTS)是常用的姑息手术方法,首次就诊镶嵌治疗方法优于传统的体外循环方法纠治,随访三尖瓣的Z值和右心室发育情况决定双室修补、1 1/2心室或Fontan术.     

镇江市个别正常（牙合）学生EPQ常模的性别影响研究

目的：根据流行病学调查的方法,对艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）进行信效度检验,并建立该问卷镇江市个别正常（牙合）学生性别常模,对临床工作指导更具针对性.方法：根据学校综合实力的不同,采用随机分层整群抽样的方法,随机抽取镇江市9所学校不同年级38个班的1430学生,根据纳入和排除标准筛选出符合标准的个别正常（牙合）学生,并根据年龄分为幼年（12～15岁）组和成人（16岁以上）组,然后在相同的环境条件和相同的指导语指导下进行艾森克个性问卷测量,根据测量结果建立镇江市个别正常（牙合）学生艾森克个性问卷性别常模.结果：男性个别正常（牙合）学生在P分量表和E分量表上的评分高于女生的评分,但男女学生在E分量表上的差异没有统计学意义;男性个别正常（牙合）学生在N分量表和L分量表上的评分低于女生的评分,但幼年男女生在N分量表上的差异没有统计学意义.结论：可采用艾森克个性问卷建立镇江市个别正常（牙合）学生EPQ的性别常模,女性对错牙（牙合）畸形所致的容貌影响更为关注.     

Comparing deaf and hearing Dutch infants: Changes in the vowel space in the first 2 years

The influence of the mother tongue on vowel productions in infancy is different for deaf and hearing babies. Audio material of five hearing and five deaf infants acquiring Dutch was collected monthly from month 5–18, and at 24 months. Fifty unlabelled utterances were digitized for each recording. This study focused on developmental paths in vowel productions. The applied automated band filtering analysis is F₀‐independent and results in a spectral envelope, sampled in a 40‐dimensional space. Via a Principal Component Analysis (PCA, data reduction), a vowel space for normally hearing 2‐year‐olds was constructed, enabling the projection of the individual developmental data of the infants in a two‐dimensional reference plane. Comparison of the results for the hearing and the deaf infants over 2 years indicates individual as well as group differences. The amount of hearing loss as well as the communication styles seem to be important factors in explaining differences between the infant categories.     

Test‐retest variability of VO2max using total‐capture indirect calorimetry reveals linear relationship of VO2 and Power

This study aimed to analyze the intra‐individual variation in VO_2max of human subjects using total‐capture and free‐flow indirect calorimetry. Twenty‐seven men (27 ± 5 year; VO_2max 49‐79 mL?kg^?1?min^?1) performed two maximal exertion tests (CPETs) on a cycle ergometer, separated by a 7 ± 2 day interval. VO₂ and VCO₂ were assessed using an indirect calorimeter (Omnical) with total capture of exhalation in a free‐flow airstream. Thirteen subjects performed a third maximal exertion test using a breath‐by‐breath calorimeter (Oxycon Pro). On‐site validation was deemed a requirement. For the Omnical, the mean within‐subject CV for VO_2max was 1.2 ± 0.9% (0.0%‐4.4%) and for ergometer workload P _max 1.3 ± 1.3% (0%‐4.6%). VO_2max values with the Oxycon Pro were significantly lower in comparison with Omnical (P < 0.001; t test) with mean 3570 vs 4061 and difference SD 361 mL?min^?1. Validation results for the Omnical with methanol combustion were ?0.05 ± 0.70% (mean ± SD; n = 31) at the 225 mL?min^?1 VO₂ level and ?0.23 ± 0.80% (n = 31) at the 150 mL?min^?1 VCO₂ level. Results using gas infusion were 0.04 ± 0.75% (n = 34) and ?0.99 ± 1.05% (n = 24) over the respective 500‐6000 mL?min^?1 VO₂ and VCO₂ ranges. Validation results for the Oxycon Pro in breath‐by‐breath mode were ‐ 2.2 ± 1.6% (n = 12) for VO₂ and 5.7 ± 3.3% (n = 12) for VCO₂ over the 1000‐4000 mL?min^?1 range. On a Visual analog scale, participants reported improved breathing using the free‐flow indirect calorimetry (score 7.6 ± 1.2 vs 5.1 ± 2.7, P = 0.008). We conclude that total capturing free‐flow indirect calorimetry is suitable for measuring VO₂ even with the highest range. VO_2max was linear with the incline in P _max over the full range.     

中医临证四大核心理念之制宜观

人体是一个开放的复杂巨系统,与自然、社会无时无刻、无处不在地发生联系。中医学认为,疾病的发生、发展与转归受多方面因素的影响,如体质、年龄、性别、时令气候、地理环境等。因而在治疗上须依据疾病与患者、地理、气候三者之间的关系,制定相适宜的治疗方法,即因人制宜、因地制宜、因时制宜,才能取得预期的治疗效果。制宜观是指导中医临证的重要观点,是基于整体观念,以追求人体内外环境协调平衡为目标而形成的一种精准治疗原则。     

联合微信群的个体化健康教育对2型糖尿病患者认知功能的影响

目的  探讨联合微信群的个体化健康教育对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者认知功能的影响。方法  53例T2DM患者,男性30例,女性23例,应用重复成套神经心理状态测验（RBANS）量表评价患者认知功能,对患者进行院内宣教、院外随访及电话随访等个体化健康教育,联合微信群进行教育,干预6个月后,观察T2DM患者教育前后空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及认知功能的变化,探讨认知增值的相关因素。结果  联合微信群的个体化健康教育后的空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）值低于教育前（P <0.05）;联合微信群的个体化健康教育后的延迟记忆评分（86.9±13.5 vs 80.4±14.9）高于个体化健康教育前（P <0.05）;经6个月联合微信群的个体化健康教育后,HbA1c下降值与延迟记忆升高值呈正相关（r =0.353,P =0.020）,与重复成套神经心理状态测验标准分升高值呈正相关（r =0.327,P =0.045）。线性回归分析后,HbA1c下降值与延迟记忆升高值的相关关系仍存在（P <0.05）。结论  联合微信群的个体化健康教育能明显改善T2DM患者认知功能,尤其在延迟记忆方面。

     

Perceptions towards disability among social work students in Israel: Development and validation of a new scale

Over the last decades, the disability movement has been advocating for a paradigmatic shift in how disability is perceived and managed: from a medical or individual perspective focusing on the person's body and mind to a social perspective emphasizing the context and barriers of disability. However, we still know little about the perceptions of helping professionals, particularly social workers who work closely with disabled people. Thus, the aim of the current study is to develop and validate a scale—Perceptions Toward Disability Scale (PTDS)—to measure how social workers view disability: as an individual or social category. This paper describes the three phases of the scale's construction. First, scale items were formulated and its content validity was examined. Next, a pilot of 30 social workers completed a questionnaire and an initial exploratory factor analysis was conducted. In the third and main phase, the final draft was completed in 2016 by 565 Israeli social work students to assess its psychometric properties. Both exploratory and confirmatory factorial validity and discriminant validity analyses were conducted. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis revealed two distinct factors: an individual perspective of disability comprised of eight items (α = 0.77) and a social perspective of disability comprised of ten (α = 0.66). Subsequent analyses supported the scale's discriminant validity as indicated by the lack of an association between the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) and the social model subscale (r = .13, p = .19) and by the weak negative relation with the individual model subscale (r = ?.25, p = .01). These findings show that the PTDS possesses promising construct validity and provide support for its utility. This easy‐to‐administer instrument offers several practical benefits and can serve as a framework for further empirical research regarding social work practice with disabled people.