Universal monoclonal antibody-based influenza hemagglutinin quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Seasonal and pandemic influenza infections remain a serious public health concern. Many health authorities recommend annual vaccination as the most effective way to control influenza infection. Accordingly, regulatory guidelines ask vaccine manufacturers to determine vaccine potency at the time of release and throughout shelf-life to ensure vaccine quality. The potency of inactivated influenza vaccine is related to the quantity of hemagglutinin (HA). Since 1970s, single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay has been standardly used for the quantitation of HA in influenza vaccine. However, SRID is labor-intensive, inaccurate, and requires standard reference reagents that should be updated annually. Therefore, there have been extensive efforts to develop alternative potency assays. In this study, we developed and tested a new HA quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a universal monoclonal antibody that can bind to HAs from various subtypes in group 1 influenza A virus (IAV). We analyzed the conserved stalk domain of HA via a library approach to design a consensus HA antigen for group 1 IAV. The antigens were expressed as a soluble form in E. coli and were purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. When tested with variety of HAs from IAVs or influenza B viruses (IBVs), the mAbs exhibited specific binding to group 1 HAs, with potential exception to H9 subtype. Among various conditions of pH, urea, and reducing agents, pretreatment of HA at low pH exposing the conserved stalk domain was crucially important for optimal ELISA performance. Calibration curves for various HAs were generated to determine accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and linear dynamic range. The ELISA method shows high sensitivity and accuracy compared with the SRID assay. The HA group specific universal mAbs against the consensus stalk domain of HA are conducive to establishing an ELISA-based standard procedure for the quantitation of HA antigens for annual vaccination against influenza infection.     

铜绿假单胞菌制剂在恶性肿瘤中的辅助治疗作用

当前,恶性肿瘤已越来越趋向于多方面的综合治疗.带有甘露糖敏感性血凝菌毛的铜绿假单胞菌(pseudomonas aeruginosa-mannosesensitive hemagglutinin,PA-MSHA)制剂是一类用于免疫治疗的生物制剂,正被应用于恶性肿瘤的治疗过程中.本文重点介绍PA-MSHA制剂对恶性肿瘤辅助治疗作用的研究进展.     

组蛋白变异体macroH2A1真核表达载体构建及其细胞内定位的研究

目的构建带有血凝素(HA)标签的小鼠组蛋白变异体macroH2A1(mH2A1)的真核表达载体,并观察其在人胚肾293T细胞中的表达定位情况。方法提取内毒素休克的BALB/c小鼠肝脏组织的总RNA,通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应获得内毒素休克小鼠肝脏组织的cDNA,以cDNA为模板使用PCR方法扩增得到mH2A1编码序列,并将其酶切后连接至带有HA标记的载体pcDNA3-HA上;对阳性克隆进行酶切、PCR和测序鉴定。随后将重组质粒瞬时转染293T细胞,利用荧光显微镜观察。结果 PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定表明pcDNA3-mH2A1-HA真核表达质粒构建正确;经转染实验发现,该质粒能够在293T细胞中表达,表达产物主要定位在细胞核中。结论 mH2A1真核表达载体pcDNA3-mH2A1-HA的成功构建及明确其在哺乳动物细胞中的具体核定位,为进一步研究mH2A1作用细胞的信号通路提供了一个重要的工具。     

Receptor specificity of subtype H1 influenza A viruses isolated from swine and humans in the United States

The evolution of classical swine influenza viruses receptor specificity preceding the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was analyzed in glycan microarrays. Classical swine influenza viruses from the α, β, and γ antigenic clusters isolated between 1945 and 2009 revealed a binding profile very similar to that of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses, with selectivity for α2-6-linked sialosides and very limited binding to α2-3 sialosides. Despite considerable genetic divergence, the ‘human-like’ H1N1 viruses circulating in swine retained strong binding preference for α2-6 sialylated glycans. Interspecies transmission of H1N1 influenza viruses from swine to humans or from humans to swine has not driven selection of viruses with distinct novel receptor binding specificities. Classical swine and human seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses have conserved specificity for similar α2-6-sialoside receptors in spite of long term circulation in separate hosts, suggesting that humans and swine impose analogous selection pressures on the evolution of receptor binding function.     

Targeting the GD3 acetylation pathway selectively induces apoptosis in glioblastoma

The expression of ganglioside GD3, which plays crucial roles in normal brain development, decreases in adults but is upregulated in neoplastic cells, where it regulates tumor invasion and survival. Normally a buildup of GD3 induces apoptosis, but this does not occur in gliomas due to formation of 9-O-acetyl GD3 by the addition of an acetyl group to the terminal sialic acid of GD3; this renders GD3 unable to induce apoptosis. Using human biopsy-derived glioblastoma cell cultures, we have carried out a series of molecular manipulations targeting GD3 acetylation pathways. Using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, western blotting, and transwell assays, we have shown the existence of a critical ratio between GD3 and 9-O-acetyl GD3, which promotes tumor survival. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time in primary glioblastoma that cleaving the acetyl group restores GD3, resulting in a reduction in tumor cell viability while normal astrocytes remain unaffected. Additionally, we have shown that glioblastoma viability is reduced due to the induction of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis and that this occurs after mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Three methods of cleaving the acetyl group using hemagglutinin esterase were investigated, and we have shown that the baculovirus vector transduces glioma cells as well as normal astroctyes with a relatively high efficacy. A recombinant baculovirus containing hemagglutinin esterase could be developed for the clinic as an adjuvant therapy for glioma.     

Prime–boost vaccination with a fowlpox vector and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic in Pekin ducks challenged with Asian H5N1 HPAI

The efficacy of different vaccination schedules was evaluated in 17-day-old Pekin ducks using an experimental inactivated whole virus vaccine based on the H5N9 A/chicken/Italy/22A/98 isolate (H5N9-It) and/or a fowlpox recombinant (vFP-H5) expressing a synthetic HA gene from an Asian H5N1 isolate (A/chicken/Indonesia/7/2003). Full protection against clinical signs and shedding was induced by the different vaccination schemes. However, the broadest antibody response and the lowest antibody increase after challenge were observed in the group of ducks whose immune system was primed with the fowlpox vectored vaccine and boosted with the inactivated vaccine, suggesting that this prime-boost strategy induced optimal immunity against H5N1 and minimal viral replication after challenge in ducks. In addition, this prime-boost vaccination scheme was shown to be immunogenic in 1-day-old ducklings.     

Comparative immunogenicity of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA) and trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) among persons ≥65 years old

Alternative substrates for influenza vaccine production are needed to ensure adequate supplies. We evaluated the relative safety and immunogenicity of recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) or trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) among 869 ≥65-year-old subjects in a randomized clinical trial. Virologic surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) was conducted during the 2006–2007 epidemic. Vaccines were well tolerated. Seroconversion rates vs. influenza A/H1N1 and H3N2 antigens were superior in the rHA group, but were inferior vs. influenza B; however, results for influenza B are confounded since the vaccine antigens were different. ILI frequencies were low and similar in both groups. Studies assessing relative immunogenicity of vaccines using identical B Ags are warranted.     

Synthesis of cyclic peptides on solid support Application to analogs of hemagglutinin of influenza virus

In order to mimic a well-known loop structure (site A) of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus, a series of cyclic peptides derived from thc region 139–147 were synthesized. The lactam analogs cyclised between the N-terminus Cys 139 and the β-carboxyl of aspartic acid 148 (small loop) or the ENHZ of lysine 148 via succinimidyl linker (large loop) were synthesized by the solid phase method. Cyclisation was directly performed on the solid support prior to final cleavage of the peptide. We describe two protection schemes which allow us to obtain different loop sizes derived from the same sequence. Eight of the analogs contained relatively large ring structures (up to 38 membered). For protection of the side chain of aspartic acid in combination with N-α-Fmoc protection, the cyclohexyl ester was more satisfactory than the benzyl ester with respect to imide formation. When the rate of cyclodimerisation, as a function of resin substitution, was compared to the rate of cyclic monomer formation, it was found that dimerisation was proportional to the charge of the resin. Furthermore, a comparison of the recently reported BOP reagent over the classical DIPC/HOBt method for the cyclisation reaction shows that in our case the reaction proceeded more rapidly by the BOP procedure although it gave a less pure crude product.     

Production of a novel influenza vaccine using insect cells: protection against drifted strains

A recombinant trivalent hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine produced in cell culture using the baculovirus expression system provides an attractive alternative to the current egg‐based influenza vaccine (Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine [TIV]) manufacturing process. The HA genes from the annual World Health Organization‐recommended strains are cloned, expressed, and purified using a general purification process. Here, we provide an overview of the expression technology used to make the annual adjustment of the vaccine and the clinical studies completed to date with recombinant HA. The highly purified protein vaccine, administered at three times higher antigen content than TIV, results in stronger immunogenicity, a long‐lasting immune response and provides cross‐protection against drift variant influenza viruses. Furthermore, the vaccine does not contain egg proteins, adjuvants, preservatives, endotoxins, or antibiotics and can therefore be used in a broader population.     

Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004

By analyzing vesicle fluids and crusted scabs from 136 persons with suspected monkeypox, we identified 51 cases of monkeypox by PCR, sequenced the hemagglutinin gene, and confirmed 94% of cases by virus culture. PCR demonstrated chickenpox in 61 patients. Coinfection with both viruses was found in 1 additional patient.