长效可逆避孕措施在人工流产后即刻实施的效果评价

目的探究长效可逆避孕措施在人工流产后即刻实施的效果。方法从2017年7月-2018年7月,抽选在广州市增城区妇幼保健院行人工流产女性1200例,按照随机数字表法分为常规组(612例)和强化干预组(588例)。常规组给予常规流产后关爱(PAC)服务,强化干预组在常规PAC服务的基础上采用长效可逆避孕措施。对比两组长效可逆避孕措施使用情况、重复人工流产率以及避孕措施的持续时间情况。结果强化干预组的高效避孕措施使用率比常规组更高,同时重复人工流产率比常规组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);强化干预组长效可逆避孕措施LARC(IUS/IUD)避孕术后6个月、1年使用率明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);复方口服避孕药优思悦(COC)避孕术后3个月、6个月、1年的使用率比常规组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论人工流产后即刻实施长效可逆避孕措施,可提升高效避孕措施的使用率,减少意外妊娠及再次人工流产的几率,值得推广。     

Teacher Evaluation of an Experiential Vegetable Education Program for Australian Primary Schools: Does Face-to-Face Training Add Value above Digital Training?

The teacher-led implementation of healthy eating programs in schools is cost-effective and potentially impactful. Teacher acceptability is important for uptake; however, process evaluations are scarce. This study evaluated the effect of two intensities of teacher training on the evaluation of a vegetable education program for Australian primary schools by teachers. The teachers (n = 65) who implemented the program as part of a cluster RCT (25 schools in two states, New South Wales and South Australia) received either low- (provision with materials and online training) or high (additional face-to-face (F2F) training)-intensity training prior to implementing a 5-week vegetable education program. They evaluated the acceptability of a digital training module and program by indicating the level of agreement with 15 and 18 statements, respectively, using 5-point Likert scales. The average item scores ranged from 3.0 to 4.2. All but one item, including student engagement, alignment to the curriculum and intent for reuse of the program, had a rounded average or median score of 4. The level of training intensity did not impact the teacher acceptability ratings. In conclusion, the teacher acceptability was good, and additional F2F training does not add value above the solely digital training of the teachers.     

Testing the Implementation of Function-focused Care in Assisted Living Settings

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the Function-Focused Care for Assisted Living Using the Evidence Integration Triangle (FFC-AL-EIT) intervention.DesignFFC-AL-EIT was a randomized controlled pragmatic trial including 85 sites and 794 residents.InterventionFFC-AL-EIT was implemented by a Research Nurse Facilitator working with a facility champion and stakeholder team for 12 months to increase function and physical activity among residents. FFC-AL-EIT included (Step I) Environment and Policy Assessments; (Step II) Education; (Step III) Establishing Resident Function-Focused Care Service Plans; and (Step IV) Mentoring and Motivating.Setting and ParticipantsThe age of participants was 89.48 years [standard deviation (SD) = 7.43], and the majority were female (n = 561; 71%) and white (n = 771; 97%).MethodsResident measures, obtained at baseline, 4, and 12 months, included function, physical activity, and performance of function-focused care. Setting outcomes, obtained at baseline and 12 months, included environment and policy assessments and service plans.ResultsReach was based on 85 of 90 sites that volunteered (94%) participating. Effectiveness was based on less decline in function (P < .001), more function-focused care (P = .012) and better environment (P = .032) and policy (P = .003) support for function-focused care in treatment sites. Adoption was supported with 10.00 (SD = 2.00) monthly meetings held, 77% of settings engaged in study activities as or more than expected, and direct care workers providing function-focused care (63% to 68% at 4 months and 90% at 12 months). The intervention was implemented as intended, and education was received based on a mean knowledge test score of 88% correct. Evidence of maintenance from 12 to 18 months was noted in treatment site environments (P = .35) and policies continuing to support function-focused care (P = .28)].Conclusions and ImplicationsThe Evidence Integration Triangle is an effective implementation approach for assisted living. Future work should continue to consider innovative approaches for measuring RE-AIM outcomes.     

Implementing Large-Scale Data-Driven Quality Improvement in Assisted Living

ObjectivesDevelop and evaluate the implementation of a proposed model for large-scale data-driven quality improvement in assisted living.DesignWe conducted a mixed-methods evaluation of the implementation of a large-scale data-driven quality improvement collaborative of Wisconsin assisted living communities (ALCs).Setting and ParticipantsThe model has been voluntarily implemented by 810 Wisconsin-licensed ALCs serving >20,000 residents.MethodsThe model was codesigned iteratively 2009-2012 by a public-private multistakeholder advisory group. Using system usage statistics and project records, we evaluated implementation outcomes: appropriateness, acceptability, adoption, feasibility, fidelity, penetration, and sustainability.ResultsImplementation for ≥1 quarter was feasible for 92% of the 810 ALCs that enrolled. The model has been deemed appropriate and acceptable by public-private stakeholders representing residents, providers, regulators, and payers, and appropriateness for ALCs serving different populations has been iteratively improved through targeted workgroups. The model is currently adopted in Wisconsin by 31% of the 1573 ALCs in provider associations. Among adopters, 88% on average implemented the model with fidelity to key membership rules per quarter. The model achieved demographic and institutional penetration by currently reaching 24% of Wisconsin ALC residents and by leveraging initial grant funding to become integrated in Wisconsin's annual Medicaid budget and being central to Wisconsin's incentive program to managed care organizations. Model implementation for 8 years has been sustained by member enrollment for nearly 4 years on average, with 71% of members enrolled >2 years and sustained early adopters representing 37% that have been enrolled >5 years.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis is the first implementation study of large-scale data-driven quality improvement in assisted living, despite its demonstrated value in other health care sectors. The article proposes a model with core components and implementation strategies drawing on a decade-long public-private collaboration. The implementation study findings establish a promising path and future directions for wider implementation.     

Implementation of Goals of Care Communication Innovation Among Nursing Homes: A Multiple Case Study Design

ObjectiveNursing homes (NHs) provide care to residents with serious illness and related complex health care needs. As such, discussions about end-of-life care between NH staff and residents and families are necessary to ensure residents receive care consistent with their goals. Interventions such as video decision aids have been developed to promote discussions and improve advance care planning, but few studies have examined how NH characteristics may relate to the implementation of these interventions; such information might lead toward more use of successful interventions. The purpose of this study is to understand NH characteristics that are associated with the implementation of the Goals of Care (GOC) intervention, which combined a video decision aid with a structured discussion to guide decision-making in advanced dementia.DesignA multiple case study.Setting and ParticipantsStaff surveys were conducted to examine factors related to implementation effectiveness in 11 NHs in North Carolina that participated in the GOC trial.MethodsQuestions measured the dependent variable of implementation effectiveness: the consistency and quality of use of the GOC intervention. NH organizational characteristics were measured using publicly available data and an administrator survey. The analysis consisted of pattern matching logic.ResultsHigh management support aligned with implementation effectiveness within NHs. In addition, the within case pattern analysis indicated additional characteristics related to implementation effectiveness. Facility size, Medicare beds, residents’ racial composition, and star rating were related to implementation effectiveness across 6 of the 11 NHs. NH financial resources, such as size and number of Medicare beds, may be important factors for successful implementation.Conclusion and ImplicationsNHs seeking to implement advance care planning interventions should focus on within and across NH differences, such as adequate management and financial support prior to implementation to increase the likelihood of implementation effectiveness.     

A Novel Collaborative Care Program to Augment Nursing Home Care During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic created an immediate need to enhance current efforts to reduce transfers of nursing home (NH) residents to acute care. Long-Term Care Plus (LTC+), a collaborative care program developed and implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, aimed to enhance care in the NH setting while also decreasing unnecessary acute care transfers. Using a hub-and-spoke model, LTC+ was implemented in 6 hospitals serving as central hubs to 54 geographically associated NHs with 9574 beds in Toronto, Canada. LTC+ provided NHs with the following: (1) virtual general internal medicine (GIM) consultations; (2) nursing navigator support; (3) rapid access to laboratory and diagnostic imaging services; and (4) educational resources. From April 2020 to June 2021, LTC+ provided 381 GIM consultations that addressed abnormal bloodwork (15%), cardiac problems (13%), and unexplained fever (11%) as the most common reasons for consultation. Sixty-five nurse navigator calls addressed requests for non-GIM specialist consultations (34%), wound care assessments (14%), and system navigation (12%). One hundred seventy-seven (46%, 95% CI 41%-52%) consults addressed care concerns sufficiently to avoid the need for acute care transfer. All 36 primary care physicians who consulted the LTC+ program reported strong satisfaction with the advice provided. Early results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated care model that enhances care delivery for NH residents where they reside and has the potential to positively impact the long-term care sector by ensuring equitable and timely access to care for people living in NHs. It represents an important step toward health system integration that values the expertise within the long-term care sector.     

《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》解读

药物流产(MA)是早孕期避孕失败的补救措施,主要药物为米非司酮和米索前列醇,二者联合使用,可使早孕期孕妇完全终止妊娠率达到90%。但是,MA导致的患者阴道流血时间长、量多,甚至阴道大流血,而需采取急诊刮宫术治疗等,尚未被彻底解决。如何安全、有效终止早孕期妊娠,保护女性生殖健康是目前国内外该领域的研究重点。美国妇产科医师学学会(ACOG)发布的《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》对早孕期孕妇终止妊娠,具有重要指导作用。笔者拟就该简报对MA用于孕龄≤70 d孕妇的临床效果评估,MA用药方案、禁忌证、适应证,MA前咨询和检查,MA疼痛管理,MA后观察、预防性抗菌药物使用、随访管理、避孕措施9个方面基于循证医学推荐进行解读。     

Consistent Forcing Scheme in the Simplified Lattice Boltzmann Method for Incompressible Flows

Considering the fact that the lattice discrete effects are neglected while introducing a body force into the simplified lattice Boltzmann method (SLBM), we propose a consistent forcing scheme in SLBM for incompressible flows with external forces. The lattice discrete effects are considered at the level of distribution functions in the present forcing scheme. Consequently, it is more accurate compared with the original forcing scheme used in SLBM. Through Taylor series expansion and Chapman-Enskog (CE) expansion analysis, the present forcing scheme can be proven to recover the macroscopic Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. Then, the macroscopic equations are resolved through a fractional step technique. Furthermore, the material derivative term is discretized by the central difference method. To verify the results of the present scheme, we simulate with multiple forms of external force interactions including the space- and time-dependent body forces. Hence, the present forcing scheme overcomes the disadvantages of the original forcing scheme and the body force can be accurately imposed in the present scheme even when a coarse mesh is applied while the original scheme fails. Excellent agreements between the analytical solutions and our numerical results can be observed.