溶剂汽油经皮染毒对大鼠真皮层细胞间质的影响

目的研究溶剂汽油对大鼠皮肤真皮层细胞间质的影响。方法45只Wistar雄性大鼠分为对照组、实验组和干预组,染毒方式为经皮染毒。实验组染毒剂量分别为250mg/cm     

无铅汽油使用后学龄儿童血铅、智商变化及经济效益初探

[目的 ]了解无铅汽油在上海使用 2年多来 ,汽车尾气相关污染物对学龄儿童血铅及智商的影响。 [方法 ]1999年、2 0 0 0年连续 2年对上海市不同交通污染区的学龄儿童进行流行病学调查 ,主要包括现场问卷调查 ,学龄儿童血铅水平及智商测定 ,并初步评价了汽油无铅化对学龄儿童的血铅及智商影响。同时根据有关资料作了经济效益的初步探讨。 [结果 ]城乡不同暴露地区的学龄儿童前后 2年血铅水平差异无统计学意义 ,血铅几何均数分别为 ( 0 .2 79±0 0 681)和 ( 0 .2 98± 0 .15 6) μmol/L(P >0 .0 5 ) ;但不同暴露地区 1999年儿童的血铅水平分别为 ( 0 .2 98± 0 .15 6)和 ( 0 .2 5 2±0 13 4) μmol/L(P <0 .0 5 ) ,可能原因主要包括区域及居住环境的差异。 1999年血铅水平与儿童智商呈负相关 ,智商 =119 2 -0 .114×血Pb(P <0 .0 0 2 ) ;经济效益的初步分析表明上海市学龄儿童血铅的降低可为上海避免近 6亿美元 (约 5 0亿人民币 )的经济损失。[结论 ]汽油无铅化可有效降低儿童的大气铅接触及学龄儿童血铅浓度 ,具有一定的社会和经济效益。     

Blood lead levels in the Kinshasa population: a pilot study

Objective

Leaded gasoline and lead paints are still in use in the Democratic Republic of Congo but data on blood lead levels in the general population are not available. We evaluated the Pb impregnation in children and adults (0 - 70 years old) in Kinshasa.

Methods

Blood lead was measured by atomic absorption in a sample of 485 healthy people (268 men and 217 women) living in Kinshasa between May 2003 and June 2004.

Results

Geometric mean blood lead was 120 µg/L (95% CI: 115-125), with a higher concentration in men than in women (127 vs 114 µg/L, p = 0.01). Sixty-three percent of children aged less than 6 years old presented blood lead levels above the 100 µg threshold. In the adult population, occupations with a potential risk of exposure to gasoline (car mechanics or garage owners, taxi drivers, conveyors and gas pump attendants) were associated with an extra blood lead of about 65µg/L.

Conclusion

This study indicates a relatively important Pb impregnation of the Kinshasa population. It demonstrates the existence of a major public health issue requiring corrective actions and the implementation of an appropriate regulation.

     

机动车替代燃料及清洁化发展趋势

论述了当今世界上机动车替代燃料和燃料清洁化的发展趋势，重点讨论了汽油和柴油的品质与机动车排气污染及大气环境质量、人体健康之间的关系，并比较了国内外燃料油质量标准值之间的差距。此外还介绍了燃油添加剂和清净剂对排放的影响，并对气体燃料替代品的使用和存在问题等方面作了技术性探讨。文章指出，在我国大中型城市鼓励发展清洁的替代燃料车，将有助于改善城市环境空气质量。     

Lung cancer in filling station attendants.

At the Danish census on 9 November 1970, 4,055 men and 1,195 women aged 20-64 years indicated an employment that was coded as retail sale of oil and gasoline; almost all individuals probably worked as filling station attendants. Record linkage at Danmarks Statistik showed that 529 of the men had died during the following 17 years. Respiratory cancer (75 deaths) was the only cause of death that showed a significant excess (standardized mortality ration, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.00) when compared to all men gainfully employed at the time of the census. An increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease could not be related to any particular diagnostic subgroup; the mortality in women did not differ from expected rates. These results are in accordance with data from other countries on occupational groups exposed to high levels of exhaust fumes.     

Blood lead levels in children after phase-out of leaded gasoline in Kinshasa,the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

Background

The phasing out of lead from gasoline has resulted in a significant decrease in blood lead levels (BLLs) in children during the last two decades. Tetraethyl lead was phased out in DRC in 2009. The objective of this study was to test for reduction in pediatric BLLs in Kinshasa, by comparing BLLs collected in 2011 (2 years after use of leaded gasoline was phased out) to those collected in surveys conducted in 2004 and 2008 by Tuakuila et al. (when leaded gasoline was still used).

Methods

We analyzed BLLs in a total of 100 children under 6 years of age (Mean ± SD: 2.9 ± 1.6 age, 64% boys) using inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICP – MS).

Results

The prevalence of elevated BLLs (≥ 10 μg/dL) in children tested was 63% in 2004 [n = 100, GM (95% CI) = 12.4 μg/dL (11.4 – 13.3)] and 71% in 2008 [(n = 55, GM (95% CI) = 11.2 μg/dL (10.3 – 14.4)]. In the present study, this prevalence was 41%. The average BLLs for the current study population [GM (95% CI) = 8.7 μg/dL (8.0 – 9.5)] was lower than those found by Tuakuila et al. (F = 10.38, p <0.001) as well as the CDC level of concern (10 μ/dL), with 3% of children diagnosed with BLLs ≥ 20 μg/dL.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate a significant success of the public health system in Kinshasa, DRC-achieved by the removal of lead from gasoline. However, with increasing evidence that adverse health effects occur at BLLs < 10 μg/dL and no safe BLLs in children has been identified, the BLLs measured in this study continue to constitute a major public health concern for Kinshasa. The emphasis should shift to examine the contributions of non-gasoline sources to children’s BLLs: car batteries recycling in certain residences, the traditional use of fired clay for the treatment of gastritis by pregnant women and leaded paint.     

A Predictive Approach towards Using PC-SAFT for Modeling the Properties of Shale Oil

Equations of state are powerful tools for modeling thermophysical properties; however, so far, these have not been developed for shale oil due to a lack of experimental data. Recently, new experimental data were published on the properties of Kukersite shale oil, and here we present a method for modeling the properties of the gasoline fraction of shale oil using the PC-SAFT equation of state. First, using measured property data, correlations were developed to estimate the composition of narrow-boiling-range Kukersite shale gasoline samples based on the boiling point and density. These correlations, along with several PC-SAFT equations of the states of various classes of compounds, were used to predict the PC-SAFT parameters of aromatic compounds present in unconventional oil-containing oxygen compounds with average boiling points up to 180 °C. Developed PC-SAFT equations of state were applied to calculate the temperature-dependent properties (vapor pressure and density) of shale gasoline. The root mean square percentage error of the residuals was 13.2%. The average absolute relative deviation percentages for all vapor pressure and density data were 16.9 and 1.6%, respectively. The utility of this model was shown by predicting the vapor pressure of various portions of the shale gasoline. The validity of this model could be assessed for oil fractions from different deposits. However, the procedure used here to model shale oil gasoline could also be used as an example to derive and develop similar models for oil samples with different origins.     

Risk of liver cancer and exposure to organic solvents and gasoline vapors among Finnish workers

We investigated the association between exposure to various groups of solvents and gasoline vapors and liver cancer. A cohort of economically active Finns born between 1906 and 1945 was followed up during the period 1971–1995. The incident cases of primary liver cancer (n = 2474) were identified in a record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Occupations from the 1970 census were converted to exposures using a job‐exposure matrix. Cumulative exposure was calculated as the product of estimated prevalence, level and duration of exposure, and we used Poisson regression to calculate the relative risks (RR). Among the occupations entailing exposure to organic solvents, an elevated liver cancer incidence was observed in male printers, and varnishers and lacquerers. Among men, the risk was increased in the highest exposure category of aromatic hydrocarbons [RR 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–2.40], aliphatic/alicyclic hydrocarbons (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.99–2.18), chlorinated hydrocarbons (RR 2.65, 95% CI 1.38–5.11) and “other solvents” (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.23–3.71). Among women, the risk was increased for the group “other solvents” that includes mainly alcohols, ketones, esters and glycol ethers (RR 2.73, 95% CI 1.21–6.16). Our finding of an increased risk among workers exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons is in line with several earlier studies on trichloroethylene. The results also suggest a link between exposure to other types of solvents and the risk of liver cancer. The possibility that alcohol consumption contributes to the observed risks cannot be totally excluded. © 2009 UICC     

The detection of residual gasoline for forensic soil investigation in arson

The cause of an arson fire is difficult to investigate. Detection of gasoline residue can provide important information to link evidence with an arson scene. Soil can be taken as physical evidence from an arson scene and also used to indicate the presence of gasoline residue. Since each soil has different characterisation details, this study was undertaken to present an effective method for soil sampling. Gasoline permeability in soil is affected by soil type. This study investigates the permeation of gasoline into four different soil types and determines the optimum soil depth for gasoline detection. The effect of burning duration and the time between extinguishing the fire and taking the sample were also investigated. The studied soils were collected from various soil series in Thai Northern region. The results indicate that soil structure, burning duration and sampling period are important factors that have a significant effect on residual gasoline detection in each of the soil series studied. The key finding of this study was that the optimum depth for all studied soil series was 5 cm below the surface. These findings have implications for crime scene investigators carrying out soil evidence investigation at an arson scene.