无铅汽油对神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢产物的影响

目的 探讨职业性无铅汽油接触以对神经功能和单胺类神经递质代谢的影响。方法 应用WHO推荐的神经行为检测组合（NCTB）对92名汽油作业工人和88名对照工人进行神经行为测试,同时用高效液相色谱法－电化学法联检测定其尿中高香草酸（HVA）和香草扁桃酸（VMA）的浓度。结果 接触组明显存在忧郁－沮丧的不良情绪状态,简单反应时慢于对照组,数字跨度、提转捷度、数字译码和目标追中学踪得分明显低于对照组,且行为功能得分随浓度的增高而降低;汽油接触工人尿中HVA和VMA浓度均降低。结论 提示职业性低浓度接触无铅汽油油可影响神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢。     

Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) misclassified

Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) was introduced into motor fuels in 1992 to reduce carbon monoxide automotive emissions in areas where the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for CO were exceeded. At a meeting of the National Toxicology Program's Board of Scientific Counselors (2-3 December 1998), data were presented showing that exposure to MTBE caused increased incidence of liver tumors, renal adenomas, carcinomas and interstitial cell adenomas of the testes in male, and lymphomas and leukemia in female CD1 mice [National Toxicology Program, 1998]. Despite this evidence, the NTP Board defeated a motion to list MTBE as "Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" by a vote of 6 to 5. This decision directly contravenes rules and procedures previously established by NTP for assessing carcinogenicity of chemical compounds. Good public health policy dictates that the NTP Board conduct another review of MTBE with proper consideration of the criteria that have been established for listing agents as carcinogens. Millions of Americans who are exposed daily to this chemical deserve an unbiased evaluation of carcinogenic agents being introduced into the environment.     

无铅汽油推广二年来公交司售人员健康状况调查

了解１９９７年上海市全面推广无铅汽油后汽车尾气对职业接触人群的健康危害,是否无铅汽油的使用能有效地降低职业接触人群的血铅水平及影响人群的免疫功能。「方法」随机抽取７９４名职业接触人群及５３２名非职业接触人群,进行健康问卷调查和体格检查。对收集的数据进行了卡方分析、Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归及多因素方差分析。结果问卷调查显示汽车尾气职业接触人群的呼吸道症状的出现率高于非职业接触组,同时部分职业接触人群的健     

碳酸丙烯酯-FCC汽油萃取精馏耦合重组分加氢脱硫脱氮

开展了FCC汽油萃取精馏耦合重组分加氢脱硫脱氮的研究。首先在连续萃取精馏小试装置上,以碳酸丙烯酯为萃取剂考察萃取精馏的脱硫效果。在优化工艺条件下,塔顶低硫精制油收率达63.2%,硫氮质量浓度分别为29.4 mg/L和1.3 mg/L,脱硫率和脱氮率分别达84.5%和97.4%。类型硫分析结果表明,碳酸丙烯酯对含氮化合物及噻吩衍生物在内的大部分类型硫具有很高的选择性,但对噻吩的选择性稍弱。随后在小型固定床上采用FGH 31催化剂对富硫重组分进行加氢脱硫,在优化操作条件下重组分加氢后硫、氮质量浓度分别降至9.5 mg/L和12 mg/L,脱硫率和脱氮率分别达97.4%和91.8%。萃取精馏的低硫、低氮和低芳精制油和经过加氢脱硫后的重组分均可作为优良的欧IV汽油调和组分。     

FCC汽油萃取蒸馏脱硫效果

开展了萃取蒸馏法脱除催化裂化（FCC）汽油含硫化合物的研究。在改进的Eliss气液两相双循环型蒸馏器上测定汽油在不同溶剂中的萃取蒸馏分离系数,筛选出N-甲酰基吗啉为最佳脱硫萃取蒸馏溶剂。在连续萃取蒸馏小试装置上,通过单因素试验考察了N-甲酰基吗啉的FCC汽油脱硫效果。优化的工艺条件：回流比1,剂油体积比0.7,塔釜温度160 ℃,塔顶精制油体积收率达64.18%,硫质量浓度26.03 mg/L,总脱硫率达86.30%。PONA分析结果表明,萃取蒸馏过程还能有效地将大部分高辛烷值的烯烃组分转移到低硫精制油中,可作为优良的欧IV标准高辛烷值汽油调和组分。     

降低催化裂化汽油烯烃过程中操作条件对汽油组成的影响

考察了使用降烯烃催化剂GOR—Q和使用常规催化剂MLC-500时操作条件对催化汽油组成和催化汽油研究法辛烷值的影响。结果表明：GOR—Q催化剂具有明显减少催化汽油烯烃(主要为小分子烯烃)含量的效果。操作条件对催化汽油烯烃、芳烃和异构烷烃含量产生较大影响。对于降烯烃催化剂GOR—Q，控制反应温度520℃以下、剂油比(m(催化剂)：m(原料油))不小于7时有利于降低催化汽油烯烃含量，但在反应温度为500～520℃，剂油比从5增加到8时，催化汽油研究法辛烷值降低了1．1～1．7个单位。     

汽车尾气对大鼠肺脏的氧化应激和遗传毒性作用

[目的]探讨汽车尾气对大鼠肺脏生物大分子的氧化损伤作用。[方法]将汽车尾气的颗粒物、冷凝物和半挥发性有机物的二氯甲烷提取物（extracts of gasoline engine exhaust,EGE）减压挥干后用二甲亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）定容到200L／mL。将40只SD大鼠分为5组,每组8只。以DMSO为溶剂对照,以汽车尾气0、5．6、16．7、50．0L／kg的剂量经气管滴注染毒,每周1次,共4次,末次染毒24h后处死,测定肺脏脏器系数以及肺组织内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和羰基蛋白（carbonyl protein,CP）含量以及超氧化物岐化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH—Px）活力;并用彗星试验检测肺组织细胞中DNA的损伤程度。[结果]各组动物体重和肺脏脏器系数与对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;16．7、50．0L／kg剂量组肺组织中MDA含量分别达到了4．57、4．48nmol／mg蛋白,故对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）;CP含量在50．0L／kg剂量组为8．91μmol／mg蛋白,较对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）;SOD和GSH—Px活力在50．0L／kg剂量组分别为1697．61NU／mg蛋白和14．80U／mg蛋白,与对照组比较均明显降低（P〈0．05）。在16．7L／kg和50．0L／kg组,肺组织细胞的拖尾率与对照组比较均明显增加（P〈0．05）,但各组尾长的增加无统计学意义。[结论]汽车尾气可诱导大鼠肺组织生物大分子的氧化损伤和DNA单链断裂。     

甲醇汽油生产过程职业病危害识别与风险预测分析

[目的]了解甲醇汽油生产过程职业病危害特点,探讨有毒物质风险分级法用于化工类建设项目职业病危害评价的可行性。[方法]2011年10月,采用有毒化学物质职业接触风险矩阵半定量分析法对海阳市某能源公司M60甲醇汽油项目进行职业病危害预评价。[结果]甲醇、汽油、二甲苯为甲醇汽油生产过程主要有毒化学物质,甲醇、汽油、二甲苯的危害等级为2、2、4;接触等级,甲醇为2.11,汽油为2.35,二甲苯为2.90;风险等级,甲醇、汽油、二甲苯分别为2低风险、2低风险、3中等风险。[结论]有毒物质风险分级可以丰富现有评价方法,对于提高职业病危害评价水平具有实际意义。     

Controlled Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE) Exposure of Male Volunteers: II. Acute Effects

The aim of this study was to evaluate acute effects of ethyltert-butyl ether (ETBE) in man after short-term exposure. ETBEmay in the future replace methyl tert-butyl ether, a widelyused oxygenate in unleaded gasoline. Eight healthy male volunteerswere exposed to ETBE vapor for 2 h at four levels (0, 5, 25,and 50 ppm) during light physical exercise. The subjects ratedirritative symptoms, discomfort, and central nervous systemeffects in a questionnaire. Ocular (eye redness, tear film break-uptime, conjunctival epithelial damage, and blinking frequency),nasal (acoustic rhinometry and analysis of inflammatory markersand cells in nasal lavage fluid), and pulmonary (peak expiratoryflow, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity,vital capacity, and transfer factor) measurements were performed.Significantly increased ratings of solvent smell (p = 0.001,repeated-measures ANOVA) were seen during exposures and correlatedto exposure levels. Furthermore, significantly elevated ratingsof discomfort in throat and airways were seen during and after50 ppm compared to the control exposure (p = 0.02). Increasednasal swelling (p = 0.001) and blinking frequency (p = 0.01)were noted at all exposure levels, but their magnitudes werenot related to exposure levels. A slightly impaired pulmonaryfunction was seen at 25 and 50 ppm, since forced vital capacity(p = 0.02) and vital capacity (p = 0.04) differed significantlyfrom the clean air exposure. Although the impairments seemedto fall within normal inter- and intraindividual variation andhave no clinical relevance as such, it cannot be excluded thatother individuals may react more severely than eight healthymale volunteers in this study.     

汽油吸入致外源性类脂性肺炎1例报告并文献复习

目的加深对汽油吸入致外源性类脂性肺炎的认识。方法报道我院收治的1例汽油吸入致外源性类脂性肺炎资料,结合万方数据库发表的相关10例病例资料进行临床分析。结果 11例患者均出现咳嗽,9例伴有气促,7例患者出现胸闷、胸痛。患者胸部X片或CT出现斑块状、磨玻璃样、铺路石样、实变或结节影等改变。11例均予以抗感染治疗,2例予以支气管肺泡灌洗治疗,2例予手术切除治疗,6例患者予以激素治疗。10例患者病情好转,1例患者死亡。结论外源性类脂性肺炎缺乏特异性临床表现,我们应提高对此类疾病的认识,减少临床漏诊、误诊。