Correlation of Breast Cancer Incidence with the Number of Motor Vehicles and Consumption of Gasoline in Korea

While several reproductive and lifestyle-related factors are already well-known as established risk factorsfor breast cancer, environmental factors have attracted attention only recently. The objective of the currentstudy was to assess the association between the breast cancer incidences in females, the mortality rate and thenumber of motor vehicles on the one side and the consumption of gasoline which could work as a major sourceof air pollution at the other side. The breast cancer incidences and the mortality trends were compared withvarious indices of westernization like dietary patterns or industrialization with 10 years lag of time. Geographicalvariations with 10, 15 and 20 years lag of time were assessed between the breast cancer incidence in 2010and the number of motor vehicles as well as the consumption of gasoline. The upward trend of motor vehiclenumbers proved to be comparable to those of breast cancer incidence and mortality. However, the consumptionof gasoline started to decrease since the mid-1990s. The geographic distribution of motor vehicle numbers andgasoline consumption in 1990 is in a positive correlation with the breast cancer incidence rates in 2010 and the20-year lag time (R2 0.379 with the number of motor vehicles and 0.345 with consumption of gasoline). In a linearrelationship between the breast cancer incidences in 2010 and the log transformed number of motor vehicles, thelog transformed consumption of gasoline in 2000 also showed a positive relationship (R2 0.367 with the numberof motor vehicles and 0.329 with consumption of gasoline). The results of the current study indicate that theremay be a positive relation between the number of vehicles, gasoline consumption and the incidence of breastcancer from the aspects of long-term trends and geographical variation.     

两群替代微粒群优化算法及其应用

提出一种两群替代微粒群优化算法（TSSPSO），并对算法参数进行分析和对算法方程进行修正。该方法将微粒分成飞行方向不同的两分群，其中一分群微粒朝着最优微粒飞行，另一分群微粒朝着相反方向飞行；飞行时，每一微粒不仅受到微粒本身飞行经验和本分群最优微粒的影响，还受到全群最优微粒的影响。搜索时，每一次迭代均以一定的替代率用一分群中若干优势微粒取代另一分群中相同数目的劣势微粒。对4种常用函数的优化问题进行测试并进行比较，结果表明：两群替代微粒群优化算法比基本微粒群优化算法更容易找到全局最优解，优化效率和优化性能明显提高。将两群替代微粒群优化算法用于常压塔汽油干点软测量，建立基于两群替代微粒群优化算法的汽油干点神经网络软测量模型，通过与实际工业数据的比较，表明基于两群替代微粒群神经网络的软测量模型精度高、性能好。     

硬脂酸与溶剂汽油用于病理制片的临床应用

目的消除二甲苯对人体的毒害作用,改善病理工作者的工作环境,预防职业病的发生。方法应用硬脂酸与溶剂汽油替代二甲苯用于病理石蜡制片。结果所有活体组织的HE染色、各种组织化学染色和免疫组织化学染色均获得满意效果。结论硬脂酸与溶剂汽油可以取代二甲苯用于病理石蜡制片。     

Successful outcome after intravenous gasoline injection

Introduction

Gasoline, ingested intentionally or accidentally, is toxic. The majority of reported cases of gasoline intoxication involve oral ingestion or inhalation. Data are scarce on complications and outcomes following hydrocarbon poisoning by intravenous injection.

Case Report

Following a suicide attempt by intravenous self-injection of 10 ml of gasoline, a 26-year-old medical student was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with hemoptysis, symptoms of acute respiratory failure, chest pain, and severe abdominal cramps. Gas exchange was severely impaired and a chest x-ray indicated chemical pneumonitis. Initial treatment consisted of mechanical ventilation, supportive hyperventilation, administration of nitrogen oxide (NO), and prednisone. Unfortunately, the patient developed multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) complicated by life-threatening severe vasoplegia within 24 hours after gasoline injection. High doses of vasopressors along with massive amounts of parenteral fluids were necessary. Despite fluid replacement, renal function worsened and required hemofiltration on 5 sequential days. After 12 days of intensive care management, the patient recovered completely and was discharged to a psychiatric care facility.

Discussion

Intravenous gasoline injection causes major injury to the lungs, the organ bearing the first capillary bed encountered. Treatment of gasoline poisoning is symptomatic because no specific antidote is available. Early and aggressive supportive care may be conducive to a favorable outcome with minimal residual pulmonary sequelae.     

溶剂汽油对大鼠皮肤皮脂成分的影响

研究溶剂汽油对大鼠皮肤皮脂成分的影响。「方法」４５只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠分为组、实验组和干预组,染毒方式为经皮染毒。实验组染毒剂量分别为：２５０ｍｇ／ｃｍ＾２＊１ｄ,２５０ｍｇ／ｃｍ＾２＊４ｄ,２５０ｍｇ／ｃｍ＾２＊８ｄ,染毒面积为２＊３ｃｍ＾２。干预组则是涂主护剂后,再进行染毒,染毒剂量２５０ｍｇ／ｃｍ＾２＊８ｄ。染毒结束后,分离染毒部位皮肤,采用高效薄层层析法（ＨＰＴＬＣ）测定皮脂。「结果」各     

使用无铅汽油后城乡儿童铅暴露的比较

[目的]了解汽油无铅化后,儿童体内血铅水平和智商的变化及汽车尾气对其呼吸道症状发生率的影响。[方法]选择市区Y小151名小学生为接触组,浦东Z小学160名小学生为对照组,进行健康问卷调查及体格检查,取无名指末梢血测定血铅浓度,采用瑞文测试法制定智商,以EPI Info和SAS软件进行统计分析。[结果]接触组与对照组的体内血铅水平差异有显著性。血铅浓度（x)与儿童智商（y)水平有良好的负相关（y=120.11-0.129x)。接触组咽部疼痛和不适、异物感、咳嗽等症状的发生率较对照组有明显的升高,OR值分别为1．71,2．64及2．92。多元线性回归表明接触汽车尾气和家庭居住位置是儿童血铅水平及呼吸道症状发生率主要影响因素。[结论]进一步控制汽车尾气的排放,合理规划住宅位置是控制儿童铅中毒及疾病发生的重要措施。     

Transition of cord blood lead level, 1985-2002, in the Taipei area and its determinants after the cease of leaded gasoline use

Lead has long been of concern for its toxicity, impairment of neurobehavioral and cognitive development, and electrophysiological deficits in children, even at levels less than 10 microg/dL. The present study was conducted to elucidate the extent of cord blood lead level decline in the Taipei area from 1985 to 2002 and to explore the factors affecting the cord blood lead level after the cease of leaded gasoline use. In the current study period of 2001-2002, 184 of 1310 newborns delivered in the Taipei Municipal Women and Children Hospital between September 2001 and August 2002 were eligible and randomly selected to participate in this study. Neither of their parents had an occupational lead exposure history. At each delivery, a sample of 5-10 mL umbilical cord blood was collected for lead determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The cord blood lead level of the newborns in the current study period averaged 2.35 +/- 1.12 microg/dL. Together with the cord blood lead averages of 7.48 +/- 2.25 and 3.28 +/- 1.52 microg/dL obtained from two previous surveys conducted in 1985-1987 and 1990-1992, respectively, the cord blood lead level was significantly decreased (P < 0.005). It is estimated that such a reduction in cord blood lead from 7.48 to 2.35 microg/dL for each year's cohort of 260,000 newborns in Taiwan might benefit the economics, ranging from US$8.9 billion to US$12.1 billion by improving the worker productivity. For the time period from 1985 to 2002, there were consistent transition patterns among the yearly fluctuations of air lead level, leaded gasoline consumption, lead content in gasoline, estimated lead amount emitted from the consumed leaded gasoline, and average cord blood lead levels of the three respective study periods. Additionally, every 0.1-g/L reduction in lead content in gasoline might lead to a lowering of cord blood lead level by 1.78 microg/dL. Furthermore, at low level of around 2 microg/dL, a multiple regression analysis demonstrated that economic status was the most influential factor for cord blood lead variation (P = 0.0061) while the maternal working month during her pregnancy was retained in the model with borderline effect (P = 0.0625). After accounting for the effect of leaded gasoline on the cord blood lead level, future study to differentiate the primary contributors for the low-level cord blood lead variation around 1-2 microg/dL is warranted.     

A Personal Perspective on the Initial Federal Health-Based Regulation to Remove Lead from Gasoline

Objective

This article describes the personal experience and perspective of the authors, who had primary responsibility for drafting the initial health-based regulation limiting lead content of gasoline during the early 1970s while employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Data source

Information used by the U.S. EPA in developing the initial health-based regulation limiting lead content of gasoline in December 1973 and studies documenting the impact of that and subsequent actions.

Data extraction

Among the lessons learned from this experience is the importance of having input from independent scientists to the regulatory decision-making process. This also demonstrates the critical role of independent peer-reviewed research, such as that supported by the National Institutes of Health, as well as research conducted by scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in delineating the consequences of lead exposure in the population.

Data synthesis

Removal of lead from gasoline in the United States has been described as one of the great public health achievements of the 20th century, but it almost did not happen. The experience of the authors in developing this regulation may be helpful to others involved in developing health-based regulatory policy in the future.

Conclusion

The initial U.S. EPA health-based regulation to remove lead from gasoline is clearly an example where science successfully affected public policy. The leadership of the U.S. EPA at that time deserves much credit for establishing an atmosphere in which this was possible.     

溶济汽油对作业工人皮肤的影响及作用机制探索

研究溶剂汽油对职业人群的皮肤损害作用及机制。方法采用１∶１配对调查方法和高效薄层层析技术，对溶剂汽油接触组与对照组各５２名工人的皮肤健康状况和皮脂成分进行了研究。结果接触组皮肤光泽度、弹性明显下降，皮肤角化度、皮肤干燥程度及指甲异常率均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），其中以皮肤皲裂、脆甲最为常见。接触组皮脂中神经酰胺、游离脂肪酸及胆固醇的含量均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论皮肤长期接触溶剂汽油，对皮肤与指甲有损害作用，其作用机制与溶剂汽油致使皮脂降低有关。