Spatiotemporal analysis of foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1955 – 2013

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD ) poses a significant obstacle to international trade and economic development, and for that reason, FMD prevention, control and eradication are major goals guiding animal health policy in most countries. The purpose of this study was to conduct a retrospective spatiotemporal analysis of FMD outbreaks among livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK ) from 1955 to 2013. During that time, several FMD control strategies were implemented in RK , which culminated with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE ) recognition of RK as a country that is FMD ‐free with partial vaccination (2015). Here, we describe and analyse the changes in spatial and temporal dynamics of FMD under different control strategies that were utilized as the country progressively moved towards eradication of the disease. A total number of 5,260 FMD outbreaks of serotype O and A (including the A₂₂ lineage) were recorded in the cattle, pig and small ruminant populations of RK during that period. We found that outbreaks occurred in spatiotemporal clusters only prior to 1970, which is before ring vaccination around outbreaks was first employed. This finding suggests that ring vaccination substantially reduced local spread and prevented large FMD epidemics in the country. Disease incidence steadily decreased after the implementation of ring vaccination and culling of infected animals, with spatiotemporal clusters only occurring as a result of an introduction of an antigenically distinct variant of serotype A. From 1955 to 1984, FMD outbreaks demonstrated two seasonal peaks of incidence in the spring and fall. In contrast, only the peak in spring was observed between 1984 and 2013. Quantitative knowledge on how different policy and alternative control strategies contributed to RK achieving FMD ‐free status could improve prospects for continued control in RK and inform control strategies in other FMD ‐endemic regions.     

Use of an aseptically processed,dehydrated human amnion and chorion membrane improves likelihood and rate of healing in chronic diabetic foot ulcers: A prospective,randomised, multi‐centre clinical trial in 80 patients

Amnion and chorion allografts have shown great promise in healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Results from an interim analysis of 40 patients have demonstrated the accelerated healing ability of a novel aseptically processed, dehydrated human amnion and chorion allograft (dHACA). The goal of this study was to report on the full trial results of 80 patients where dHACA was compared with standard of care (SOC) in achieving wound closure in non‐healing DFUs. After a 2‐week screening period, during which patients with DFUs were unsuccessfully treated with SOC, patients were randomised to either SOC alone or SOC with dHACA applied weekly for up to 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, 85% (34/40) of the dHACA‐treated DFUs healed, compared with 33% (13/40) treated with SOC alone. Mean time to heal within 12 weeks was significantly faster for the dHACA‐ treated group compared with SOC, 37 days vs 67 days in the SOC group (P = .000006). Mean number of grafts used per healed wound during the same time period was 4.0, and mean cost of the tissue to heal a DFU was $1771. The authors concluded that aseptically processed dHACA heals DFUs significantly faster than SOC at 12 weeks.     

Ultrasound evaluation of the quadriceps muscles in pronated foot posture

ObjectiveThe main goal of this study was to investigate the size of all portions of the quadriceps muscles in individuals with pronated foot posture compared to normal foot posture using ultrasound imaging.DesignTwenty nine females with pronated foot posture and 29 age-, body weight-, body height-matched females with normal foot posture were recruited from university communities. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus intermedius (VI) were measured using ultrasound imaging.ResultsThe thicknesses of the RF and VMO were significantly smaller in individuals with pronated foot posture compared to normal foot posture (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the VM, VL, and VI muscle thicknesses in both groups.ConclusionBased on the results of the present study, it seems that besides the foot and lower leg muscles, an integrated assessment of proximal knee muscles, especially quadriceps, is required in individuals with pronated foot posture.     

白细胞形态学和中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶在手足口病合并感染患儿诊疗中的应用

目的探讨白细胞（WBC）形态学和中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶（NAP）染色积分值在儿童手足口病（HFMD）合并感染诊疗中的应用价值。 方法选取2017年1月至2017年10月于玉林市红十字会医院儿科门诊及住院的150例儿童作为研究对象，根据检查结果及病情分为正常对照组、单纯HFMD组及HFMD合并感染组，每组各50例。所有病例均采用一次性EDTA扩凝真空采血管，按常规静脉采血1～2 ml，同时做血涂片2张，1张用于瑞氏染色，另1张血片干燥后用10%甲醛固定30 s，按NAP试剂盒说明书进行染色，由细胞室工作人员在显微镜下鉴别WBC形态学变化并计数NAP阳性率和积分。 结果正常对照组患儿NAP阳性率为（23.58 ± 11.89）%，积分为（28.18 ± 13.82）；单纯HFMD组患儿NAP阳性率为（22.8 ± 10.49）%，积分为（26.92 ± 11.9）；HFMD合并感染组患儿NAP阳性率为（77.96 ± 8.99）%，积分为（332.7 ± 58.42）；HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后组NAP阳性率为（22.38 ± 10.54）%，积分为（27.74 ± 12.16）；HFMD合并感染组分别与正常对照组、单纯HFMD组、HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后NAP阳性率比较，差异均有统计学意义（t = 25.80、28.23、28.37，P均< 0.001）；HFMD合并感染组分别与正常对照组、单纯HFMD组、HFMD合并感染抗感染治疗后NAP积分比较，差异均有统计学意义（t = 35.87、36.27、36.14，P均< 0.001）；其余各组NAP阳性率和积分两两比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。正常对照组、单纯手足口病组、手足口病合并感染组患儿异型淋巴细胞、中毒颗粒、空泡变性细胞、杜勒小体比例差异均有统计学意义（H = 81.9939、129.1737、117.5489、89.4793，P均< 0.001）；手足口病合并感染抗感染治疗前后患儿异常淋巴细胞、中毒颗粒、空泡变性细胞和杜勒小体比例差异有统计学意义（U = 8.2967、8.6138、8.6318、5.4355，P均< 0.001）。 结论白细胞形态学检查和NAP阳性率及积分观察HFMD合并感染患儿疾病发生发展及对疾病诊断、预后监测均具有重要临床意义。     

反复感染手足口病患儿的预防和治疗

目的探讨消毒隔离结合免疫及营养治疗在预防和治疗反复感染手足口病患儿中的作用。 方法收集初次就诊的手足口病患儿共400例，利用随机数字表将患者分为治疗组与对照组各200例，治疗组患儿定期给予消毒隔离健康教育及营养随访，再次患病后给予个体化营养支持治疗。对照组患儿仅在感染手足口病后给予常规治疗。比较两组患儿手足口病再发率和重症率等指标。 结果治疗组患儿平均退热时间为（1.7 ± 1.1）d、皮疹消退时间为（4.0 ± 1.3）d、平均住院天数为（5.6 ± 2.4）d、抗菌药物使用率为19%（38/200）、激素使用率为8%（16/200），均显著低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（t = 10.028、8.677、8.353、20.650、11.312，P = 0.015、0.032、0.001、0.004、0.011）。治疗组患儿1年内再发率、重症率和并发症发生率分别为12%（24/200）、1%（2/200）和5%（10/200），显著低于对照组患儿，差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 9.21、0.88、7.24，P = 0.010、0.002、0.007）。 结论健康教育、营养随访及个体化营养支持治疗可降低手足口病的再发率及重症率，改善临床结局。     

EV71感染手足口病患儿T细胞亚群表达

目的分析EV71感染手足口病患儿T细胞亚群的表达。 方法选取2015年10月至2017年10月于惠州市中心人民医院接受治疗的手足口病患儿共302例,其中EV71感染患儿110例,依据EV71感染患儿中枢神经有无被累及分成轻症组（69例）与重症组（41例）,选取同期于本院体检的健康儿童110例作为对照组;流式细胞仪对T淋巴细胞亚群CD3⁺、CD3⁺CD8^－、CD3⁺CD8⁺、CD3⁺CD8^－/CD3⁺CD8⁺、Th1、Th2、Th1/Th2、Tc1、Tc2、Tc1/Tc2、Th17、Tc17、调节性T淋巴细胞（Treg）及Th17/Treg所占比率进行检测,ELISA法检测各组对象血清内转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1)、白细胞介素4（IL-4）、白细胞介素17A（IL-17A）及γ干扰素（IFN-γ）含量变化。 结果轻症组患儿血清Th1、Th1/Th2、Tc1和Tc1/Tc2所占比率为（9.59 ± 2.15）%、（8.67 ± 2.19）%、（28.82 ± 5.49）%和（56.39 ± 10.48）%,重症组分别为（13.58 ± 2.74）%、（9.45 ± 2.29）%、（40.46 ± 6.37）%和（54.87 ± 9.61）%,均显著高于对照组患儿,差异均有统计学意义（F= 12.159、11.470、13.925、10.542,P = 0.016、0.013、0.008、0.035）;轻症组患儿血清IFN-γ和IL-17A水平分别为（11.32 ± 2.76）pg/ml和（6.38 ± 2.10）pg/ml,重症组分别为（11.38 ± 2.65）pg/ml和（12.59 ± 3.58）pg/ml,均显著高于对照组患儿,差异均有统计学意义（F= 12.590、11.664,P = 0.024、0.019）。 结论EV71感染后手足口患儿机体内Th17/Treg与Th1/Th2比例失衡。     

基于荧光共振能量转移技术的快速检测CA16型手足口病病原体新方法的建立及其评价

目的：基于荧光共振能量转移（FRET）技术建立一种柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CA16）手足口病病原体快速检测的新方法,并对检测效果进行评价,使其达到疾病爆发流行期间大样本量检测的要求。方法：采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电脉技术和蛋白浓度定量试剂盒测定CA16鸡卵黄抗体（CA16-IgY）纯度及蛋白水平,采用间接ELISA法检测抗体效价及特异性,采用紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis）、红外光谱（FTIR）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）等方法对所制备的金纳米粒子（AuNPs）及其生物探针（IgY-AuNPs）的尺寸、形貌和性能进行表征;基于FRET技术构建CA16检测体系,通过优化检测体系中IgY-AuNPs浓度、氯化钠（NaCl）用量和荧光恢复时间等指标,对检测方法的灵敏度、特异度和临床样本检测进行评价。结果：CA16-IgY纯度较高,抗体平均蛋白水平为12.15 mg·L^-1,抗体效价高达1：128 000,特异性良好;AuNPs及IgY-AuNPs的UV-Vis、FTIR和TEM观察结果,IgY已成功标记至AuNPs表面,提示已通过静电自组装成功制备了可以特异性识别CA16的IgY-AuNPs。基于FRET技术构建CA16检测体系,体系经优化后,确定IgY-AuNPs的最佳浓度为0.52×10^-3g·L^-1,NaCl的最佳用量为40 μL,荧光恢复最佳时间为90 min,建立的检测方法的标准曲线为I_525nm=15.452IgC-9.746,R²=0.993 2,检测限为1×10⁴ PFU·mL^-1,与临床检测金标准实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法比较,一致率可达93.75%。结论：成功建立了CA16型手足口病病原体的快速检测新方法,可用于实验室和临床检测。     

人肠道病毒71型感染致重症手足口病的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肠道病毒71型感染导致重症手足口病的危险因素。方法 选取2015年5月至2017年10月间我院感染科收治的EV71型手足口病患儿140例为研究对象,依据临床分期标准分为普通病例组95例和重症病例组45例,收集并比较两组患儿一般资料、临床表现、实验室指标等,采用多因素Logistics回归分析判断影响手足口病重症化的危险因素。结果 两组患儿的性别、年龄、BMI间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组患儿的ALT、AST、脑脊液葡萄糖浓度比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但重症病例组的WBC [（12.65±3.51）×10⁹/L vs （9.16±3.44）×10⁹/L]、CRP[（10.67±4.75）mg/L vs（6.58±3.04） mg/L]、热程[（7.46±2.21）d vs（2.93±1.22）d]、热峰[（38.91±0.35） ℃ vs（38.34±0.45） ℃]、血糖[（8.40±0.78） mmol/L vs（5.96±1.14） mmol/L]、CK-MB[（17.84±1.57）U/L vs（15.75±1.64）U/L]、NP[53.47（31.50~70.22）% vs 46.89（29.44~67.01）%]、肢体抖动（37.78% vs 9.47%）、脑脊液蛋白质浓度[319.63（211.40~463.53）mg/L vs 224.82（172.24~396.91）mg/L]、脑脊液细胞数[（18.74±5.62）×10⁶/L vs （4.87±2.03）×10⁶/L]均较普通病例组显著升高,脑脊液氯化物水平[（117.52±2.84）mmol/L vs （119.75±3.09）mmol/L]较普通病例组显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;多因素Logistics回归分析发现,热程延长（OR=8.812）、热峰升高（OR=682.359）、血清CRP（OR=1.920）、CK-MB水平升高（OR=6.299）以及脑脊液蛋白质浓度升高（OR=1.014）是手足口病重症化的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 EV71感染手足口病重症化与患儿年龄、性别无关,与热程、热峰、CRP、CK-MB、脑脊液蛋白质浓度呈正相关,可作为判断EV71感染手足口病重症化的独立危险因素。     

穴位贴敷治疗过敏性鼻炎经穴规律研究

目的:分析穴位贴敷治疗过敏性鼻炎的经穴规律,优化穴位贴敷治疗该病的腧穴配伍,为临床治疗提供参考。方法:计算机检索中国知网(CNKI)收录的1987～2017年穴位贴敷治疗过敏性鼻炎的临床研究文献。采用Excel 2007建立数据库,上传至中医医案知识服务与共享系统(V1.2.8),选择系统集成的频次分析、关联规则分析、穴对分析、聚类分析等数据挖掘方法,分析腧穴归经、在人体各部的分布及处方取穴。结果:共纳入针灸处方93首,涉及腧穴39个,总取穴频次476次,其中取穴频次最高的腧穴为肺俞;关联规则分析中置信度最高的穴对是肾俞-肺俞、脾俞-肺俞、肾俞-脾俞-肺俞、大椎-肾俞-肺俞、大椎-脾俞-肺俞、大椎-肾俞-脾俞-肺俞,支持度最高的是大椎-肺俞,聚类分析显示可分为4类群。经脉以足太阳膀胱经、督脉为主,取穴以背部腧穴为主。结论:穴位贴敷治疗过敏性鼻炎以足太阳膀胱经、督脉腧穴为主,取穴以背部腧穴为主,肺俞、大椎、脾俞、肾俞之间的配伍是常用组合。     

针刺结合风市穴刺络拔罐治疗足少阳经型坐骨神经痛30例

目的:探讨针刺结合风市穴刺络拔罐治疗足少阳经型坐骨神经痛的临床疗效。方法:将60例足少阳经型坐骨神经痛患者随机分两组,每组30例。刺络拔罐组运用针刺结合风市穴刺络拔罐治疗,针刺穴取患者双侧腰夹脊、肾俞、大肠俞及患侧环跳、委中、昆仑、承山;常规针刺组单纯运用针刺治疗,取穴同刺络拔罐组。两组均每日治疗1次,10次为1个疗程,刺络拔罐组风市穴刺络拔罐每周1次,治疗3个疗程后通过疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、日本骨科学会下腰痛(JOA)评分评定疗效。结果:刺络拔罐组总有效率为96.7%(29/30),优于常规针刺组的90%(27/30,P<0.05);两组治疗后疼痛VAS评分、JOA评分较治疗前均有明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:针刺结合风市穴刺络拔罐治疗足少阳经型坐骨神经痛的临床疗效较好,且操作简便,无不良反应,安全性高。