1992～2001年海南省结核病防治工作情况分析

目的　分析海南省结核病防治工作现状和经验。方法 根据全省各市(县)上报的结核病报表和有关总结材料,分析结核病现状、防治对策及效果。结果 海南省应用现代结核病控制策略以来,1992～2000年共检查可疑肺结核病患者192077例,查痰48670例,查痰率25.3%。发现并登记活动性肺结核病人31822例,其中涂阳病人22946例,涂阳新登记率从1992年12.8/10万上升到2000年48.4/10万。至2001年12月止,共治愈了21625例涂阳病人,总治愈率达94.2%。结论 海南省结核病疫情严重,近10年来经过应用现代结核病控制策略,取得显著成效,证明该策略是控制结核病流行最有效的技术措施。     

开放性骨质疏松性股骨远端骨折的治疗和伤害控制论的应用

目的 总结治疗开放性骨质疏松性股骨远端骨折的治疗和应用伤害控制观念的体会。方法 回顾性分析2002年1月～2003年12月60岁以上股骨远端开放性骨折住院治疗的病例21例。应用伤害控制学的原则：全面评价其外伤程度，条件允许则急诊手术，危重患者就临时固定，监护患者的生理指标，限期施行骨折固定手术。结果 17例患者获得超过4个月以上的随访，平均随访7．3个月。17例患者在术后平均15周内(79～168d)达到临床愈合。参照Shelbourne疗效评定标准，膝关节功能优良率达到78％。结论 治疗开放性股骨远端骨质疏松性骨折需要应用伤害控制的观念，兼顾患者全面情况，同时治疗骨质疏松和其它并存疾病。手术固定以股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉为主，早期功能锻炼。     

失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体DNA腺苷三磷酸酶6,8基因表达及线粒体功能的改变

目的　探讨失血性休克大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体DNAATPase 6 ,8基因表达及线粒体功能的改变 ,为阐述休克肠道靶学说和线粒体能量代谢提供分子生物学基础。　方法　 2 4只Wistar大鼠随机分为休克前组和休克 1,2 ,3,4 ,5h组。采用RT -PCR方法观察线粒体ATPase 6 ,8mRNA量的改变。用透射电镜观察、生物体视学测量线粒体形态 ,用Clark氧电极测线粒体呼吸功能。　结果　失血性休克 1,2h ,ATPase 6 ,8基因表达增强 ,以后渐减弱 ,至休克 5h表达最低 ,ATPase 6 ,8基因表达分别降为正常的 6 9.3%和 78.4 % (P <0 .0 1和P <0 .0 5 )。失血性休克 2h和5h ,线粒体平均截面积、长径、面密度、体密度均显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,休克 5h时分别为休克前的2 .0 ,1.4 5 ,1.4 7,2 .2 2倍。休克 5h ,线粒体比表面和数密度分别下降 32 %和 2 4 % (P <0 .0 1和P <0 .0 5 ) ,嵴和基质破坏明显。失血性休克后肠上皮细胞线粒体呼吸控制率和氧化磷酸化效率比休克前显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　失血性休克时大鼠肠上皮细胞线粒体DNAATPase 6 ,8基因表达下调 ,线粒体呼吸功能出现障碍 ,线粒体超微结构发生了改变     

Family Stress and Functioning in Children: the Moderating Effects of Children''s Beliefs About Their Control Over Parental Conflict

While factors such as gender and SES have been studied as moderators of stress for children, their perceptions of control have received little attention. In the current study, children's domain-specific perceptions of their control during marital conflict were investigated as potential moderators of the impact of family stress on children's behavior problems, and perceptions of competence. Ninety-four children aged 6-12 years and mothers from families ranging in level of parental conflict from nondiscordant to discordant to physically violent were interviewed. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher levels of conflict control beliefs acted as compensatory moderators of stress, being associated with lower levels of problem behaviors across stress levels. However, higher conflict control beliefs acted as vulnerability moderators with regard to children's perceptions of competence.     

躯干运动和负重时对足底支撑面侧向横移的姿势控制

目的:本研究假设自主运动命令和姿势控制信号间有冲突,因此设计在附加重物和不同自主任务的同时给予足底一个模拟受滑的干扰(横移)来观察姿势变化并分析其是否受冲突命令或者力学参数的影响.方法:受试者在执行各种不同的自主任务时,随机给予足底支撑面一个左侧或右侧的横移干扰.这些不同的自主任务包括不负重静止站立、静止站立单手负重5kg、负重5kg站立并躯干静止侧屈15°、负重5kg动态地提重物和放重物5项任务.测量和分析下列参数:中心压力的侧位移(COP)、躯干和股部在冠状面上的角位移和腹内压(IAP).结果:干扰离开质量(向右)、始反应超射的幅度、达到终平衡的时间和达到平衡前COP位移的次数都增加,这种情况可以看作是为了再获得平衡的姿势反应效率降低,因此,如果质量的重力效果能对抗干扰,则再获得平衡的反应效率甚至可以被增进.结论:提重和负重是危害姿势反应效率的因素,因为提重和负重改变了重力效果,加大了对躯干的干扰.在动态条件下躯干的运动不是被横移干扰增强就是被横移干扰抵消,并没有显著地影响改变最终平衡位置姿势校正的效应.因此附加任务的同时给一个支持面上的横移干扰,姿势控制的效应可以被抵消.这个减低的效应可以引起脊柱周围结构的负荷增加和增加受伤的危险性.但是,在恰当地放置负重的位置时,反而可以增进躯干控制和协助恢复姿势平衡.     

带随机输出噪声的参考模型自适应系统

讨论了带随机输出噪声的线性时不变对象的参考模型自适应系统。提出一种适用于这种系统的混合自适应控制律,证明该系统所有信号的有界性,计算机仿真验证这种新的混合自适应控制律在存在随机输出噪声的系统中的性能。     

同济医科大学控烟活动及效果评价

我校自1993年开展控烟工作，1995年9月开始创办无吸烟大学校园，采取了卫生宣教和行政干预等综合措施，并进行了效果评价。高强度干预措施实施前期（1995年3月）和中期（1996年10月）相比，男医学生和男女学生平均吸烟率分别从16.3％和11．4％下降到9．6％和5．94％；男教工和男女教工平均吸烟率分别从28．6％和13．8％下降到13．9％和8．86％。     

The Fort McMurray demonstration project in social marketing: health- and safety-related behaviour among oil sands workers

This is the first round in a series of surveys conducted inFort McMurray as part of the Fort McMurray Demonstration Projectin social marketing. This component of the survey was intendedto focus on the most prominent group of employed workers inthe community and to compare their patterns of response withthe community as a whole. Respondents to the survey were overwhelminglymale (96%), married (72.9%) and living in households of twoto five persons (87.9%). They were predominantly aged 30–44(55%) and graduates of high school (53.5%). Younger male workers(below age 30) were more likely to have a high school diploma(78.3%) or some additional technical or vocational training(21.7% compared to 12.5% overall) and to be unmarried or separated.Attitudes toward safety-related behaviours were stronger thanfor respondents from the community as a whole. Approximately70–100% of all age groups and both sexes showed strongagreement with attitudes involving child car seats and the unacceptabilityof drinking and driving. These attitudes include strong advocacyof vigorous enforcement of occupational health and safety standards.However, they showed a variability similar to the communityas a whole in behaviour at home compared to work, generallyreporting more consistent use of personal protection on thejob than in their own homes, particularly hearing protection.Even so, they were much less likely to perform stretching andwarm-up exercises prior to exertion than community residentsin general. The potential may exist to transfer the technologyand attitudes from workplace health and safety to communitysafety. One possible strategy to accomplish this is to involveworkers in this industry directly in community initiatives.This strategy may be generalizable to any community in whichthere are major employers who place a heavy emphasis on riskcontrol and occupational health and safety.     

Time to contact and the control of manual prehension

In the present study, a kinematic analysis was made of unconstrained, natural prehension movements directed toward an object approaching the observer on a conveyor belt at one of three constant velocities, from one of three different directions (head-on or along the fronto-parallel plane coming either from the subject′s left or right). Subjects were required to grasp the object when it reached a target located 20 cm directly in front of the hand′s start position. The kinematic analysis revealed that both the transport and grasp components of the movement changed in response to the experimental manipulations, but did so in a manner that guaranteed that, for objects approaching from a given direction, hand closure would begin at a constant time prior to object contact (regardless of the object’s approach speed). The kinematic analysis also revealed, however, that the onset of hand closure began earlier with objects approaching from the right than from other directions – an effect which would not be predicted if time to contact was the key variable controlling the onset of hand closure. These results, then, lend only partial support to the theory that temporal coordination between the transport and grasp components of prehension is ensured through their common dependence on time to contact information. Received: 20 September 1996 / Accepted: 16 June 1997     

移动式护理机器人的控制系统

介绍自行研制的移动式护理机器人控制系统的功能和结构、开发过程中所面临的主要问题以及安全保护措施。所研制的机器人的控制系统具有高水平命令编译、机器人运动规划及环境设备控制功能。用户发出的任务指令由机器人的高水平集成控制系统分解为一系列低层的机器人部件控制命令或电器设备操作指令，然后由相应的控制器予以执行。