基于循证的胃癌患者术后早期下床活动方案构建与研究

目的 制定基于证据的胃癌患者术后早期下床活动计划,应用于临床实践并评价应用效果。方法 系统检索胃癌患者术后早期下床活动相关证据,并制订审查标准6条,遵循JBI循证护理中心的临床证据实践应用系统(PACES)的标准程序,包括证据应用前基线审查、证据应用和证据应用后再审查,证据应用前后各有30例手术患者以及18名护士纳入。结果 建立了胃癌手术患者术后早期下床活动计划,6条审查标准的执行率从之前的0%,87%,60%,7%,40%,0%提高到证据应用后的100%,100%,70%,80%,70%,100%(均P＜0.05),证据应用后胃癌手术患者住院时间、首次下床活动时间、首次下床活动距离、首次术后肛门排气时间等与证据应用前比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 基于循证的胃癌患者术后早期下床活动计划能够提升护士专业知识和技能,加快患者康复,提高医疗护理质量,但仍需不断完善,以达到持续改进护理质量的目的。     

替吉奥治疗胃癌的循证评价

目的 系统评价替吉奥治疗胃癌合理性。方法 查询国内外替吉奥的最新版药品说明书、权威指南和诊疗规范,收集替吉奥的全部适应证。计算机检索Micromedex、GIN、NGC、PubMed、Dynamed、Uptodate、CBM、CNKI、Epistemonikos、Embase、Cochrane Library、万方数据库,检索时间均限定至2020年1月10日,收集替吉奥治疗胃癌研究文献,对该药治疗胃癌的有效性和安全性进行系统性评价。结果 替吉奥在FDA说明书中提及联合顺铂治疗晚期胃癌,在NMPA说明书提及用于不能切除的局部晚期或转移性胃癌。查询数据库共有5篇指南和8篇系统评价关注了替吉奥治疗胃癌的有效性和安全性。根据指南AGREE II评分,纳入的5篇指南有2篇提及证据级别和推荐级别质量较高,推荐替吉奥用于胃癌D2清扫术后的辅助治疗;3篇质量较低,仅提及替吉奥可用于胃癌辅助化疗。根据AMSTAR评分,纳入的8篇系统评价质量总体为中等,但按照GRADE工具方法,对纳入的系统评价进行结局指标的证据等级评分,结果显示整体证据等级为不高。结论 替吉奥可推荐用于胃癌D2清扫s术后的辅助治疗,在进展期/晚期胃癌患者中,替吉奥疗效尚可,不亚于其他胃癌治疗药物,且化疗相关恶心、呕吐、纳差等胃肠道反应小,骨髓抑制风险低。因此推荐含替吉奥的联合用药方案在进展期/晚期胃癌化疗时优先考虑。     

基于循证药学的处方前置审核系统在门诊药房中的实践与探讨

目的：探讨处方前置审核系统在门诊药房中的实践经验,为临床安全、有效和合理用药提供参考。方法：系统总结北京某三甲医院门诊处方前置审核系统管理模式,比较实施前后6个月门诊处方合格率变化,并对医师的使用满意度进行问卷调查分析。结果：该院依靠合理用药知识库及医嘱审核规则建立合理用药前置审核软件,采用信息系统、人工审核、处方点评、循证药学查询、临床沟通、及时更新规则相结合的方式,对处方实施"三次审查"的闭环式管理模式,门诊处方合格率从实施前的93.34%上升至98.31%（P<0.05）。门诊医师对该系统总体满意度达到了76.2%,对参与药师的满意度达到了81.6%。结论：该院门诊药房通过实施基于循证药学的处方前置审核系统,显著提升了门诊处方合格率,并且得到医师的认可,值得同行借鉴与参考。     

外伤致气性坏疽患者急诊手术管理的循证护理

目的应用循证护理方法为手术室接诊外伤并发气性坏疽感染患者时的处理流程提供依据。方法根据手术室急诊护理工作现状,提出临床问题,进行电子检索及图书馆手动检索相关证据。检索出有关外伤致气性坏疽感染患者的诊断、手术室管理、消毒隔离的相关证据,进行证据评价,结合临床实际制定手术室消毒隔离流程,指导18例气性坏疽手术的管理实践。结果 18例患者诊断及时、处理得当,术后恢复良好,手术室未发生一例医院感染,参与手术人员无感染发生。结论循证护理应用于手术室临床工作中,可提高护理的有效性,提高护士应用科学证据的能力。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓药物疗效的循证医学评价

根据大量临床试验结果对治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)的溶栓药物从疗效、并发症等进行了比较,发现溶栓药物从第1代到第3代在纤维蛋白选择性、半衰期、给药方式等方面有了较大的改进,使AMI的病死率降至7%~8%,但新型溶栓药物在有效率方面并没有明显超过组织型纤溶酶原激活剂,仍存在着颅内出血并发症、价格昂贵等缺点。因此,积极联用抗栓药物和经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗AMI,乃是降低病死率的倡用办法。     

循证护理在老年骨折患者健康教育中的研究

目的探讨循证护理对老年骨折患者实施健康教育的治疗效果。方法将128例老年骨折患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各64例,对照组患者采用传统方法实施健康教育,观察组患者应用循证护理模式,提出问题,寻找循证依据,使用实证,通过计划、实施、评价、反馈再教育的方式进行健康教育。比较2组患者对骨折相关知识的掌握情况,并发症发生率及健康教育满意度。结果 2组患者骨折相关知识掌握情况比较,观察组(95.31%)明显高于对照组(73.45%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者并发症发生率比较,观察组(4.69%)明显低于对照组(21.88%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者健康教育满意度比较,观察组(96.88%)明显高于对照组(71.88%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论循证护理模式能增加患者对骨折相关知识的掌握,提高治疗的依从性和健康教育满意度,有效预防相关并发症的发生,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

The review process used by U.S. health care plans to evaluate new medical technology for coverage

OBJECTIVE: To examine the process and information used by medical directors (MDs) of private health plans to make medical coverage determinations for new medical technologies, and to assess the influence of plan characteristics on the process. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred thirty-one MDs at private health plans representing 66% and 72% of the U.S. population covered by HMOs and indemnity plans, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Actual and optimal review process, final decision authority, sources, and evidence used for technology coverage decisions. RESULTS: In 96% of plans, MDs take part in the medical policy review process for new technology. However, MDs have final authority over coverage decisions in only 27% of plans. Indemnity plans are more likely to assert that MDs should be responsible for final decisions, odds ratio (OR)=3.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4, 10). Optimal sources of information on new technology were journals, medical society statements or practice guidelines, and opinions of national experts. Actual sources of information used differed from optimal ones; local experts were used more often than is considered optimal (p<.001). For-profit plans were more likely than nonprofit plans to use national experts, OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.3, 5.0), and practice guidelines, OR 5.0 (95% CI 2.5, 10). Randomized trials (94% of MDs) meta-analyses (61%), and reviews (42%) were considered the best evidence for making coverage decisions. Barriers to making optimal decisions were lack of timely evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, not legal or regulatory issues; HMO, small, and nonprofit plans were two to three times more likely to list lack of cost-effectiveness data than their counterparts (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although MDs are nearly always involved in the technology evaluation process, a minority of MDs retain final authority over coverage decisions. Evidence from strong scientific research designs is the most frequently cited basis for decisions, but there is need for more timely, rigorous scientific evidence on medical interventions. How a health plan evaluates a new medical technology for coverage varies with identifiable plan characteristics. Presented in part at the 18th annual meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine and the American Federation for Clinical Research national meeting, San Diego, Calif., May 1995. Supported in part by the Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Washington, DC, and computational assistance from General Clinical Research Center grants 5M01RR00722 and RR0035 from the National Center for Research Resources, Bethesda, Md. This paper does not represent policy of either the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and no official endorsement by AHCPR or DHHS is intended or should be inferred.     

Translating Evidence Into Practice via Social Media: A Mixed-Methods Study

BackgroundApproximately 80% of research evidence relevant to clinical practice never reaches the clinicians delivering patient care. A key barrier for the translation of evidence into practice is the limited time and skills clinicians have to find and appraise emerging evidence. Social media may provide a bridge between health researchers and health service providers.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of social media as an educational medium to effectively translate emerging research evidence into clinical practice.MethodsThe study used a mixed-methods approach. Evidence-based practice points were delivered via social media platforms. The primary outcomes of attitude, knowledge, and behavior change were assessed using a preintervention/postintervention evaluation, with qualitative data gathered to contextualize the findings.ResultsData were obtained from 317 clinicians from multiple health disciplines, predominantly from the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, India, and Malaysia. The participants reported an overall improvement in attitudes toward social media for professional development (P<.001). The knowledge evaluation demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge after the training (P<.001). The majority of respondents (136/194, 70.1%) indicated that the education they had received via social media had changed the way they practice, or intended to practice. Similarly, a large proportion of respondents (135/193, 69.9%) indicated that the education they had received via social media had increased their use of research evidence within their clinical practice.ConclusionsSocial media may be an effective educational medium for improving knowledge of health professionals, fostering their use of research evidence, and changing their clinical behaviors by translating new research evidence into clinical practice.     

Implementing clinical guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: barriers and solutions

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic lung disease characterised by progressive fixed airflow limitation and acute exacerbations that frequently require hospitalisation. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of COPD are now widely available. However, the uptake of these COPD guidelines in clinical practice is highly variable, as is the case for many other chronic disease guidelines. Studies have identified many barriers to implementation of COPD and other guidelines, including factors such as lack of familiarity with guidelines amongst clinicians and inadequate implementation programs. Several methods for enhancing adherence to clinical practice guidelines have been evaluated, including distribution methods, professional education sessions, electronic health records (EHR), point of care reminders and computer decision support systems (CDSS). Results of these studies are mixed to date, and the most effective ways to implement clinical practice guidelines remain unclear. Given the significant resources dedicated to evidence-based medicine, effective dissemination and implementation of best practice at the patient level is an important final step in the process of guideline development. Future efforts should focus on identifying optimal methods for translating the evidence into everyday clinical practice to ensure that patients receive the best care.