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81.
252例儿童哮喘的门诊治疗和管理 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
目的为探讨儿童哮喘得到长期缓解有效方法。方法我们开展前瞻性的对252例哮喘儿童进行了门诊治疗与管理和家庭治疗与自我管理相结合地研究,强调长期规范治疗,并对部分患儿进行了缓解期肺功能的测定,以此评价疗效。结果经半年~1年随访,系统管理治疗规范组哮喘缓解率明显高于间歇规范组及不规范组(P<0001)。缓解期肺功能测定也表明规范组肺功能基本正常率明显高于其他两组(P<005)。结论儿童哮喘要得到长期缓解及根本控制,必须要有系统的门诊治疗管理和家庭治疗与自我管理相结合。 相似文献
82.
Pharmacokinetic aspects of rectal formulations of Temazepam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An in vitro/in vivo study was carried out with different rectal formulations of temazepam. Pharmacokinetic data were determined in a cross-over study in 10 volunteers after rectal administration of 10 mg temazepam as a polyethylene glycol based suppository (selected from in vitro data), a liquid-filled capsule and a micro-enema respectively, using oral administration of a liquid-filled capsule as a reference. Serum levels of temazepam indicate an instantaneous and complete release from the micro-enema (Frel=0.94±0.21, Cmax 205±36.9 g/l, tmax 0.49±0.31 hour) and a slower but complete release of temazepam from the suppository (Frel=1.01±0.25, Cmax 202±41.3 g/l, tmax 1.48±0.41 hour). A high interindividual variation in absorption profiles was observed after rectal administration of the liquid-filled capsule (Frel 0.72±0.36, Cmax 182±122 g/l, tmax 4.08±4.28 hour), which makes it less suitable for rectal use. The micro-enema and suppository appear to be useful as rectal formulations for temazepam. 相似文献
83.
Absorption Enhancing Effect of Cyclodextrins on Intranasally Administered Insulin in Rats 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Merkus Frans W. H. M. Verhoef J. Coos Romeijn Stefan G. Schipper Nicolaas G. M. 《Pharmaceutical research》1991,8(5):588-592
The absorption enhancing effect of -, -, and -cyclodextrin (CD), dimethyl--cyclodextrin (DMCD), and hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HPCD) on intranasally administered insulin was investigated in rats. Coadministration of 5% (w/v) DMCD to the insulin solution resulted in a high bioavailability, 108.9 ± 36.4% (mean ± SD, n = 6), compared to i.v. administration, and a strong decrease in blood glucose levels, to 25% of their initial values. Coadministration of 5% -CD gave rise to an insulin bioavailability of 27.7 ± 11.5% (mean ± SD, n = 6) and a decrease in blood glucose to 50% of its initial value. The rate of insulin absorption and the concomitant hypoglycemic response were delayed for the -CD-containing solution as compared to the DMCD preparation. The other CDs, HPCD (5%), -CD (1.8%), and -CD (5%), did not have significant effects on nasal insulin absorption. DMCD at a concentration of 5% (w/v) induces ciliostasis as measured on chicken embryo tracheal tissue in vitro, but this effect is reversible. In conclusion, DMCD is a potent enhancer of nasal insulin absorption in rats. 相似文献
84.
85.
Sylvie Perreault Huy Ong Patrick du Souich 《Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics》1992,20(5):461-476
This study assessed the influence of dose and route of administration on salbutamol kinetics and hypokaliemic effect. Salbutamol plasma kinetics were studied in a first group of 6 rabbits who received 60, 800, and 60 g/kg by the intravenous (iv), oral (po), and intratracheal (it) routes, respectively, at 1-week intervals. A second group of 6 rabbits received 120, 2400, and 120 g/kg of salbutamol by the same three routes. Multiple blood samples were withdrawn to assay salbutamol and potassium. Following iv salbutamol (60 g/kg), total plasma clearance was 82±5 ml/min per kg, apparent volume of distribution was 5.0±0.5 l/kg, and terminal half- life was 41±2 min. Similar values were estimated when 120 g/kg of salbutamol was administered iv or was given po or it. The bioavailability of po and it salbutamol was approximately 1 and 20%, respectively. For the first group, the maximal decrease in plasma potassium elicited by salbutamol was 0.80±0.19, 0.48±0.22, and 0.78±0.46 mmol/l, and for the second group, maximal decrement was 1.31±0.37, 0.70±0.24, and 0.84±0.17 mmol/l for the iv, po, and it routes, respectively. Compared to salbutamol peak plasma concentrations, maximal decrease in plasma potassium appeared between 60 and 108 min later for the iv route, 90 and 25 min later for po and it routes, and for this reason, the hypokaliemic effect was not associated to salbutamol plasma concentrations. The hypokaliemic effect was dependent upon the route, e.g., po>it>iv. It is concluded that (i) salbutamol plasma kinetics are first-order independently of the route of administration, and (ii) salbutamol hypokaliemic effect is modulated by the dose and the route of administration.List of abbreviations
AUC
Area under salbutamol plasma concentration-time curve
- clINT
Salbutamol intrinsic clearance
- clT
Salbutamol total plasma clearance
- cMAX
Salbutamol maximal plasma concentration
-
F
Fraction of the dose of salbutamol reaching the systemic circulation
- iv
Intravenous route of administration
- it
Intratracheal route of administration
- po
Oral route of administration
- Varea
Salbutamol apparent volume of distribution
- T
2
1
Salbutamol half-life of the terminal phase
- tMAX
Time to observe the maximal decrease in plasma potassium
- eMAX
Predicted maximal effect of salbutamol
- EC50
Concentration of salbutamol eliciting 50% of eMAX
Supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-10874). Sylvie Perreault is recipient of a Bourse Formation de troisième cycle des Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec. 相似文献
86.
Summary Six maturity onset diabetic patients took glibenclamide 5 mg by mouth, every morning 10 min before a standard breakfast. Serum levels of immunoreactive glibenclamide, glucose and immunoreactive insulin were measured repeatedly on the first and 15th days of treatment. Measured glibenclamide blood levels were in close agreement with an analogue computer simulation of data obtained from healthy volunteers: there was no accumulation of drug in the blood, but there was strong evidence for the existence of a slowly equilibrating deep compartment. Considerable insulin release and correction of the breakfast-induced hyperglycaemia were observed immediately after administration of the drug, as well as 5 h later, at lunch time. The clinical significance of blood levels of glibenclamide, as well as the correlation of pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics, are discussed in the light of these results.Glossary of symbols IR-
immuno-reactive
- GLI
glibenclamide
- IRI
immuno-reactive insulin
- GLU
glucose
- AK 1
values obtained with patient AK on the first day of treatment
- AK 15
values obtained with patient AK on the 15th day of treatment
- b
serum level
- bmax
maximal serum level
- t
time after dose
- tmax
time of maximal serum level
- G
gastro-intestinal system
- B
central compartment (blood)
- T
peripheral compartment (tissue)
- E
excreta
- M,N
coefficients of the equation of a bi-exponential decay curve
- µ, v
exponents of the equation of a bi-exponential decay curve
- e
base of natural logarithms
- KBG KEB KTB KBT
first order rate constants (e. g. KBG means: into B, from G)
- KBG
first order rate constants
- etc.
not corrected for the volume of distribution 相似文献
87.
Ø. Stenbæk E. Myhre H. Erik Rugstad Elisabeth Arnold T. Hansen 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》1977,12(2):117-123
Summary The pharmacokinetics of 2-14C-L--methyldopa have been investigated in five healthy volunteers following intravenous and oral administration. In the intravenous study a bi-phasic plasma concentration curve was found both for chemically determined -methyldopa and for radioactivity. The plasma level of radioactivity differed significantly from chemically determined drug, a pattern which was also found in urine. This suggests the presence of unidentified metabolite(s). The difference between plasma disappearance and urine recovery of -methyldopa and radioactivity during the first 4 h after injection suggests distribution to an extravascular compartment. Plasma half-lives of total radioactivity and of unchanged drug were calculated. In three subjects, pharmacokinetic parameters for a two-compartment open body model were calculated from urine and plasma data. Urinary recovery of radioactivity was almost complete within 48 h after intravenous administration. After oral administration, however, only about 40 per cent of the radioactive dose was recovered in the urine, and it contained approximately equal amounts of unconjugated methyldopa, acid-labile conjugated methyldopa and unidentified metabolite(s). The acid-labile conjugate was found only after oral administration, which supports the theory of a mucosal conjugation process. The lack of acid-labile conjugated drug either in the plasma or urine after intravenous injection indicates that there is no enterohepatic circulation of this drug. 相似文献
88.
89.
90.
436例小儿肺炎的中西医结合治疗 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对436例肺炎患儿在抗生素治疗的同时,给予清热宣肺,化痰平喘,健脾益气,养阴清肺中药口服,结果总有效率达97.25%。中西医结合治疗小儿肺炎可以缩短病程,减少抗生素的使用。 相似文献