Pneumothorax — an unusual delayed presentation of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia

Pneumothorax as a delayed presentation of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia has not been described before. A normal chest X-ray film in the neonatal period does not preclude the possibility of a later presentation of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia.Offprint requests to: E. J. Guiney     

Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: prenatal evaluation of lung hypoplasia and effects of immediate operation

The outcome of fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been reported to be related to the severity of lung hypoplasia. As an index of pulmonary hypoplasia, we attempted to measure the lung-thorax transverse area ratio (L/T) using ultrasonic echography in eight fetuses with left-sided CDH. Two cases with L/T more than 0.28 (controls: 0.52±0.04) were transported postnatally and recovered after early operation without episodes of persistent fetal circulation. Elective surgical repair was performed in six infants immediately after cesarean delivery at 35–37 weeks' gestation. In three cases with L/T between 0.21 and 0.24 who recovered with no complications, surgical reduction of the abdominal organs improved arterial blood gases and high-frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) was fully effective for respiratory management. In three with L/T between 0.11 and 0.17, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was required from the 1st to the 12th postoperative day despite HFOV. Although two infants died of combined cardiovascular anomalies and airway bleeding caused by prolonged HFOV, respectively, one infant with minimal L/T survived. Measurement of L/T may help to predict the outcome of fetuses with CDH and to determine the indications for various treatments including immediate operation after cesarean delivery, HFOV, and ECMO. Offprint requests to: S. Kamata     

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: new models,new ideas

An animal model for congenital diaphragmatic hernia following interference with the development of the primary lung bud by 2,4-dinitro-p-diphenylether (nitrofen) is described. It has been used for pathogenetic studies to evaluate the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia and a closing defect of the diaphragm. Functional studies revealed abnormal surfactant levels and differences in pressure/volume curves following birth and during artificial ventilation for 6 h together with a disturbed antioxidant enzyme response. This animal model opens up new ways of studying the effects of prenatal hormonal modulation (corticosteroids, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone) on lung development as a novel therapeutic modality.     

Bilateral diaphragmatic hernia

Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernias are extremely rare; only 12 cases have been reported in the literature. We report six further cases of this rare malformation. The condition is invariably fatal. Only 3 of the 18 cases have survived and these 3 had hernial sacs. Four of our six cases had major associated malformations. Offprint requests to: F. Rivilla     

新生儿先天性高危膈疝术前应用肺表面活性物质的临床疗效评价

目的探讨肺表面活性物质对新生儿重症膈疝的疗效和意义.方法回顾1997～2005年本院新生儿科收治的19例重症新生儿先天性膈疝病例,其中8例患儿手术前给予肺表面活性物质,以其它11例急诊手术作为对照,对一般情况、围术期动脉血气、呼吸机平均气道压(MAP)、手术疗效和预后随访进行对照分析.结果治疗组入院时pH(7.16±0.14)、PaO2(5.36±0.72)kPa,PCO2(7.87±0.98)kPa,应用肺表面活性物质后pH(7.34±0.21)、PaO2(10.18±5.63)kPa、PCO2(5.11±2.40)kPa,其中6例存活,2例死亡;对照手术组入院pH(7.18±0.29)、PaO2(7.82±4.14)kPa、PCO2(7.68±1.12)kPa,术前pH(7.19±0.17)、P8CO2(6.87±4.14)kPa.治疗组在应用肺表面活性物质后血气都较有明显改善,术后治疗组pH(7.34±0.05)、PaO2(13.1±4.74)kPa、PCO2(4.78±2.12)kPa,恢复较急诊组理想.对照组中患儿5例存活,5例死亡,1例因术后无法脱离呼吸机,家属放弃治疗.结论手术前给予肺表面活性物质等措施对于改善围手术期管理和稳定术前血流动力学指标及内环境有一定的作用,对降低新生儿先天性膈疝的病死率有积极的意义.     

延期手术对新生儿重症膈疝疗效的初步探讨

目的　探讨延期手术对新生儿重症膈疝的疗效和意义。方法　本文回顾 1985～ 2 0 0 3年复旦大学附属儿科医院收治的 2 0例重症新生儿先天性膈疝 (CDH)病例 ,其中 11例患儿进行了延期手术 ,最短 12h ,最长 5 4h ,平均2 5 3h ,3例围术期吸入一氧化氮 (NO)。以急诊手术 9例作为对照 ,对一般情况、围术期动脉血气、超声心动图结果、手术疗效和预后随访进行对照分析。结果　急诊手术组入院pH(7 19± 0 0 3)、PCO2 (18 4 3± 1 0 5 )kPa ,术后pH(7 2 4± 0 0 4 )、PCO2 (9 0 4± 4 6 6 )kPa ,术后平均呼吸机使用时间 4 0 7d ,其中 4例存活 ,5例死亡 ;延期手术组入院pH((7 19± 0 5 9)、PCO2 (6 89± 1 12 )kPa ,术前pH(7 37± 0 15 )、PCO2 (5 4 8± 2 2 6 )kPa ,都较入院有明显改善 ,术后pH(7 4 5± 0 0 2 )、PCO2 (5 0 5± 2 13)kPa ,恢复较急诊组理想 ,患者平均术后呼吸机使用时间 4 5 7d。延期组中患儿 10例存活 ,1例因术后严重肺炎无法脱离呼吸机 ,家属放弃治疗。结论　延期手术以及NO吸入等措施对于改善围手术期管理和稳定术前血流动力学指标及内环境有一定的作用 ,对降低新生儿先天性膈疝的病死率有积极的意义。     

36例重度胸外伤的诊治体会

目的:探讨重度胸外伤的最佳治疗方法.方法:分析总结以往我院诊治的重度胸外伤病例36例.结果:死亡2例,其他34例均治愈,病死率6%.结论:准确及时的治疗方案是提高重度胸外伤治愈率的关键.