复杂性严重胰腺外伤的外科综合治疗

目的 探讨复杂性严重胰腺外伤的抢救和治疗.方法 本组12例患者采取外科手术、胃造瘘和空肠造瘘、腹腔置管冲洗、深静脉高营养等综合治疗.结果 抢救成功10例,死亡2例.结论 复杂性重度胰腺外伤的患者,准确判断伤情,不断调整治疗方案;选择合理的手术方式和手术时机,胃造瘘和空肠造瘘,深静脉高营养是治疗的关键,胰周的通畅引流和灌洗是抢救治疗成功保证.     

甲状腺再手术的时机及入路方式探讨

目的探讨甲状腺再手术的时机及手术入路方式。方法对我院2000年1月至2006年1月收治的94例甲状腺再手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,主要分析再手术的时机及手术入路方式与操作难易程度的关系。结果本组病例行双侧甲状腺全切除术16例,一侧甲状腺切除并峡部切除术27例,一侧甲状腺切除术并对侧大部切除45例,单侧残余甲状腺切除加部分颈前肌群切除5例,单侧全切加同侧颈淋巴结清扫1例,再手术时间与初次手术相距4d～28年。手术入路:正中入路34例,胸锁乳突肌内侧入路23例,经胸骨舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌间侧入路25例,正中入路加侧入路12例。手术时间1.5～2.5h,平均2.0h。结论甲状腺包块切除术后病理诊断甲状腺癌的再手术患者尽早手术。结节性甲状腺肿复发再手术的患者应作好充分术前准备,合并呼吸困难的甲状腺再手术患者采用正中入路易于松解气管前瘢痕粘连,缓解气管压迫症状;无呼吸困难症状者采用侧入路或正中入路与侧入路结合,简化手术操作、减少手术并发症。     

The HIV care cascade: models,measures and moving forward

Introduction

This article seeks to identify where delays occur along the adult HIV care cascade (“the cascade”), to improve understanding of what constitutes “delay” at each stage of the cascade and how this can be measured across a range of settings and to inform service delivery efforts. Current metrics are reviewed, measures informed by global guidelines are suggested and areas for further clarification are underscored.

Discussion

Questions remain on how best to evaluate late entry into each stage of the cascade. The delayed uptake of HIV testing may be more consistently measured once rapid CD4 testing is administered at the time of HIV testing. For late enrolment, preliminary research has begun to determine how different time intervals for linking to HIV care affect individual health. Regarding treatment, since 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS recommend treatment initiation when CD4 <500 cells/mm³; these guidelines provide a useful albeit evolving threshold to define late treatment initiation. Finally, WHO guidelines for high-, low- and middle-income countries also could be used to standardize measures for achieving viral suppression.

Conclusions

There is no “one size fits all” model as the provision of services may differ based on a range of factors. Nonetheless, measures informed by global guidelines are needed to more consistently evaluate the scope of and factors associated with delays to each stage of the cascade. Doing so will help identify how practitioners can best deliver services and facilitate access to and continued engagement in care.     

胃癌腹膜复发、转移诊治策略

腹膜转移是胃癌最常见的转移形式,早期诊断和治疗对预后有积极的意义。影像学、肿瘤标记物及脱落细胞学检查使腹膜转移的早期诊断更具前景,同时,多种化疗方案及姑息性手术等综合治疗的发展,也为胃癌腹膜转移病人提供了更多的选择。     

Correlation Between Financial Toxicity,Quality of Life,and Patient Satisfaction in an Insured Population of Breast Cancer Surgical Patients: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study

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Long‐term compliance with endoscopic surveillance for familial adenomatous polyposis

Aim The study assessed compliance of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) with endoscopic surveillance. Method In this nationwide, cross‐sectional study, individuals from FAP families registered with the Netherlands Foundation for the Detection of Hereditary Tumours were invited to complete a questionnaire on endoscopic screening experiences. Results A total of 328 individuals were eligible for the study of whom 85 were at risk for FAP, 108 had an intact rectum after a colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA), and 135 had had a pouch following a proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis (IPAA). Based on medical record data, 20% of the at‐risk group and 26% of the IRA‐group were found to be undercompliant with surveillance advice which was associated significantly with perceived self‐efficacy, use of sedatives during surveillance, pain after surveillance and low perceived benefits of surveillance (P < 0.05). Conclusion One in five individuals at risk for FAP and one in four with a retained rectum are undercompliant with screening advice. We recommend that sedatives should be patient‐tailored for FAP individuals undergoing surveillance and that adequate pain medication be provided after endoscopy.     

早期肠内营养护理在食管癌围手术期快速康复治疗中的应用

目的：探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)护理措施应用于食管癌围手术期快速康复治疗中对提高患者生活质量的应用情况。方法纳入遂宁市中心医院2013年1月至2014年12月食管癌患者64例作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和观察组各32例。对照组采用肠外营养(total parenteral nutrition,TPN)护理,观察组采用 EEN 护理,比较两组患者血清白蛋白水平、肠道功能恢复时间、肛门排气时间、拔管时间、住院时间、住院费用和生活质量。结果对照组和观察组术前和术后1 d 血清白蛋白差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);术后3 d 和术后5 d 对照组血清白蛋白均低于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);对照组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间和拔管时间均长于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);对照组住院时间长于观察组,住院费用高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);对照组和观察组术前生活质量各项目差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),术后1周对照组总身体状况评分、认知功能分数较观察组低,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);疲劳乏力、失眠、食欲下降、便秘、腹泻和经济困难分数较观察组高,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论EEN 护理在快速康复外科理念指导下的食管癌围手术期对提高患者生活质量具有明显作用,能够改善患者实验指标,缩短住院时间和住院费用,值得临床推广实施。     

应用俯卧体架的直肠癌患者下肢衣物对放疗效果的影响分析

目的 探讨应用俯卧体架的直肠癌患者下肢衣物对放疗效果的影响.方法 选取160例应用俯卧体架的直肠癌患者,分成对照组和试验组,每组80例.对照组患者在CT定位和实施放疗时仅将其裤子(包括内裤、保暖裤及外裤)褪至俯卧体架下缘下,试验组患者则完全脱掉.应用锥形束CT测量两组患者在治疗时的摆位误差,同时记录两组患者的急性放疗不良反应情况.结果 两组在X、Y和Z3个轴向的摆位误差及综合误差,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).≤3 mm的误差值统计比较,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),≤5 mm的误差值统计差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者在血象(包括白细胞和血小板)的改变、≤1级的急性皮肤不良反应的对比中差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.23、0.24、2.18,P＞0.05),≤1级的急性直肠黏膜不良反应的对比中差异有统计学意义(x2=5.94,P＜0.05).试验组在X、Y和Z3个轴向的MPTV值分别为4.76、5.65和3.81.结论 直肠癌患者在应用俯卧体架治疗时将裤子完全脱掉,此体位固定方式可提高摆位的可重复性,降低摆位误差,减轻直肠黏膜不良反应,值得在今后的临床工作中推广和应用.     

综合护理干预在呼吸内科重症患者中的应用

目的：探讨综合护理干预对呼吸内科重症患者的临床效果。方法选取我科收治的70例呼吸内科重症患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组,各35例,对照组采取常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上给予综合护理干预,采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）评估干预后患者心理状况,记录干预前后氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、呼吸、心率指标变化。结果护理干预后 SAS 和 SDS 评分观察组低于对照组（P ＜0.05）;2组 PaO2升高,PaCO2降低,观察组优于对照组（P ＜0.05）;2组心率减慢,呼吸次数减少,观察组优于对照组（P ＜0.05）。结论综合护理干预应用于呼吸内科重症患者,能有效改善心理状况,提高治疗效果,改善患者临床症状。