New perspectives for the use of contrast-enhanced liver ultrasound in clinical practice

The introduction of second-generation microbubble ultrasound contrast agents and the development of contrast specific ultrasound techniques have improved the ability of contrast enhanced ultrasound in detecting and characterising liver lesions, offering new perspectives for its exploitation in clinical hepatology. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy in focal lesion characterisation (85-96%) in patients either with or without underlying chronic liver disease. This review article describes the basic principles of contrast enhanced ultrasound, defines the different vascular features of benign and malignant liver lesions, and assesses its clinical impact in different clinical scenarios, according to the guidelines of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, contrast enhanced ultrasound enables the characterisation of focal liver lesions, regardless of the presence or absence of underlying chronic liver disease. Contrast enhanced ultrasound is also useful in staging and follow-up of cancer patients and in monitoring local ablative treatment. Contrast enhanced ultrasound is expected to be considerably increased and replace many computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations in near future, according to the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology guidelines. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures in order to meet the demand for an increasing number of these procedures.     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检测在慢性前列腺炎中的意义

目的　研究慢性前列腺炎与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS)的关系 ,探讨前列腺液中CNS检测的临床意义。　方法　对 4 2 8例慢性前列腺炎患者采用Meares Stamey四段取样法作前列腺液细菌培养和药敏试验。患者年龄 18～ 4 6岁 ,平均 31岁。病程 3～ 32个月 ,平均 6个月。慢性前列腺炎症状指数 (NIH CPSI)平均 2 3.2分。　结果　 4 2 8例均行细菌培养 ,其中 2 4 8例 (5 7.94 % )分离出细菌。革兰阳性菌 195例 (78.6 3% ) ,其中葡萄球菌 16 0例 (6 4 .5 2 % ,16 0 / 2 4 8) ,CNS 89例 (35 .89% ,89/ 2 4 8) ;CNS中以表皮葡萄球菌为主者 81例 (32 .6 6 % ) ,其次为腐生葡萄球菌 3例和溶血性葡萄球菌 2例 ;NIH CPSI积分与细菌培养结果无明显相关。CNS对常用抗菌药物 (β 内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类 )耐药率较高 (5 1.9%～ 10 0 % )。　结论　CNS为慢性前列腺炎的主要致病菌 ,应引起高度重视 ;适时监测前列腺液病原菌及药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗慢性前列腺炎具有重要意义。     

可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂的研究:2-氧化-1,3,2-二氧磷杂环己烷类化合物的合成

本文报道2-氧化-1,3,2-二氧磷杂环己烷类衍生物的合成,希望寻找效果较好的可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂。初步药理实验证明,所合成的大部分化合物具有一定的抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用,且毒性较低。通过对中间体Ⅱ进行质谱分析,发现该类化合物中大部分存在M-57碎片离子峰,利用高分辨质谱和亚稳离子测定,确定了该碎片离子的生成过程。     

围术期维持活体部分移植小肠血供的措施

目的：探讨围术期维持移植小肠血液灌注的方法，方法：男，18岁，短肠综合征患者，全麻下接受其父亲供给末段回肠150cm，行活体部分小肠移植，围主期维持出入量平衡，中度等容血液稀释，选用扩血管药，防止血管痉挛，以及抗凝治疗，结果：术的31d脱离肠外营养，至今已术后34mo，未发生移植小肠明显缺血性改变。结论：采用上述方法匀是维持围术期移植小肠血供的重要措施。     

钚促排药物的设计与合成

利用仿生化学的原理，本文设计并合成了两个儿茶酚胺类和两个羟基吡啶酮类八配位的螯合剂，初步动物试验表明，具有较强的钚促排能力。     

舍蝇抗菌肽的提取及其对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用

目的：研究含蝇抗菌肽的提取对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用；方法：对舍蝇幼虫采用针刺损伤及金黄色葡萄球菌感染诱导方法，并通过研磨、加热、阳离子交换柱层析及Sephadex G—50葡聚糖凝胶柱层析等步骤提取抗菌肽；结果：经SDS—PAGE电泳分离到2条带，分子量分别为4kD，9．6kD；结论：提取的舍蝇抗菌肽能有效地抑制人胃癌细胞MGC80—3和BGC—823，人乳腺癌细胞MCF—7及人肺癌细胞SPC—A—1的体外增殖，并且呈浓度依赖关系。     

Effect of dipyridamole with or without aspirin on urine protein excretion in patients with membranous glomerulonephritis

Summary The antiproteinuric effect of the antiplatelet agent dipyridamole has been assessed after inhibiton of thromboxane B₂ (TxB₂) synthesis in 8 patients with confirmed membranous glomerulonephritis. There were three study periods, each of 30 days, and 45 days apart, namely a washout period, treatment with dipyridamole 300 mg/d, and dipyridamole 225 mg/d plus aspirin 150 mg/d. On Days 1 and 30 of each study period serum and urine creatinine, 24-h excretion of protein, creatinine clearance, platelet aggregometry on whole blood and serum TxB₂ were measured. Treatment with dipyridamole alone or with aspirin produced significant inhibition of platelet aggregation and a fall in 24-h protein excretion; the latter amounted to 54% with dipyridamole alone and 56 % with dipyridamole plus aspirin (NS). Dipyridamole plus aspirin caused an 82 % reduction in serum TxB₂.     

Local analgesic and vascular effects of intradermal ropivacaine and bupivacaine in various concentrations with and without addition of adrenaline in man

Ropivacaine, a new long–acting amino–amide local anaesthetic agent, and bupivacaine, in various concentrations with or without addition of adrenaline, were tested in a randomized, double–blind study using intradermal wheals. Ten non–smoking, healthy, young male volunteers participated. In series I plain solutions of ropivacaine (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) and bupivacaine (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%) were injected intradermally and in series II the same concentrations, with the addition of adrenaline 5 ug ml^-1 ( 1 :200 000), were used. The same volunteers took part in both series, with an interval of at least three weeks between the experiments. Saline was included as control in both series. Pin–pricking was used to assess the dermal analgesia. Plain solutions of ropivacaine produced significantly longer durations of dermal analgesia than did plain solutions of bupivacaine, in all tested concentrations. A significant increase in duration was seen for both local anaesthetics when adding adrenaline. Local vascular effects at the injected areas were determined by visual inspection (nil, pink, pale). Local blanching (pale) was significantly more frequent for plain solutions of ropivacaine, in all tested concentrations. Local redness (pink) was significantly more frequent with plain bupivacaine, in a dose–dependent relation. An initial redness was frequently observed for both local anaesthetics containing adrenaline, followed by blanching at most sites.     

Modulation of infection-induced inflammation and locomotive deficit and longevity in senescence-accelerated mice-prone (SAMP8) model by the oligomerized polyphenol Oligonol.

Oligonol is produced from the oligomerization of polyphenols (typically proanthocyanidin from a variety of fruits such as lychees, grapes, apples, persimmons, etc.) and contains catechin-type monomers and oligomers of proanthocyanidins. The ability of Oligonol to affect infection-dependent eye inflammation, locomotion and longevity in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8) (a model of senescence acceleration and geriatric disorders with increased oxidative stress and neuronal deficit) was investigated. Oligonol (60mg/kg) significantly modulated the extent of inflammation scores in the eye of SAMP8 mice. Examination of the mice indicated infection with mouse hepatitis virus and pinworm (Syphacia obvelata) in both males and females and with the intestinal protozoa (trichomonad) in males. A comparison of the two groups (using log-rank test) and the difference in the mean life span between groups (using Student's t-test) indicated significant differences in survival (p=0.043) and the mean life span (p=0.033) in male SAMP8 mice. Oligonol increased the mean life span and this was statistically significant. In the open-field locomotive test, the 7-week-old SAMP8 mice crossed more than 40 partitioned lines in 1min. At 48-week-old control untreated male SAMP8 crossed 2 lines. The Oligonol-treated 48-week-old male SAMP8 mice crossed 17 lines however. The improved locomotive activity was statistically significant even after 36weeks in the Oligonol-treated male SAMP8 but this was not the case throughout the time course of the study in the Oligonol-treated female SAMP8. Thus Oligonol treatment to SAMP8 mice modulated the severity of infection-dependent inflammation, prolonged life-span and significantly improved locomotive activity indicating potential benefit to aging-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. This presents potential for further research to define infection-dependent inflammation associated with degenerative conditions and the molecular mechanism of dietary antioxidant protection.     

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ROLE OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM

P-glycoprotein, a membrane-associated transport protein, has recently been recognised as an important element of the intestinal epithelium. This paper summarises thein vivodata on the pharmacological role of intestinal P-glycoprotein. These data show that P-glycoprotein contributes to the elimination of many drugs by mediating their direct secretion from the blood into the intestinal lumen. In addition, there is also evidence that this protein can limit oral drug absorption. Hence, inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein, e.g. by a reversal agent like cyclosporin A, may be a promising strategy for improving the oral bioavailability of P-glycoprotein substrate drugs. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that coadministration of drugs with a reversal agent can substantially increase oral drug absorption.