The traditional Japanese medicine hangeshashinto alleviates oral ulcer-induced pain in a rat model

ObjectiveRecent studies have demonstrated that mouthwash made with the traditional Japanese medicine hangeshashinto exhibits anti-inflammatory action and alleviates oral mucositis scores, including pain complaints, in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. However, no study has demonstrated the mechanism underlying how hangeshashinto provides pain relief in oral ulcers.DesignThe analgesic effects on pain-related behaviors following the topical application of hangeshashinto were evaluated in an oral ulcer rat model treated with acetic acid using recently developed methods. Indomethacin, the representative anti-inflammatory agent, was intraperitoneally administered. The tissue permeability of the oral mucosa was histologically evaluated after applying the fluorescent substance FluoroGold.ResultsThe topical application of hangeshashinto in ulcerative oral mucosa suppressed mechanical pain hypersensitivity over 60 min, without any effects on healthy mucosa. The same drug application also inhibited oral ulcer-induced spontaneous pain. Indomethacin administration failed to block the mechanical pain hypersensitivity, though it did largely block spontaneous pain. Topical anesthesia with lidocaine showed hyposensitivity to mechanical stimulation in healthy mucosa. In the ulcer regions in which the oral epithelial barrier was destroyed, deep parenchyma was stained with FluoroGold, in contrast to healthy oral mucosa, in which staining was limiting to the superficial site.ConclusionsHangeshashinto leads to long-lasting analgesic effects, specifically in the ulcer region by destroying the epithelial barrier. Hangeshashinto alleviates oral ulcer-induced pain in inflammation-dependent and/or independent manner.     

Oral breathing and speech disorders in children

ObjectiveTo assess speech alterations in mouth-breathing children, and to correlate them with the respiratory type, etiology, gender, and age.MethodA total of 439 mouth-breathers were evaluated, aged between 4 and 12 years. The presence of speech alterations in children older than 5 years was considered delayed speech development. The observed alterations were tongue interposition (TI), frontal lisp (FL), articulatory disorders (AD), sound omissions (SO), and lateral lisp (LL). The etiology of mouth breathing, gender, age, respiratory type, and speech disorders were correlated.ResultsSpeech alterations were diagnosed in 31.2% of patients, unrelated to the respiratory type: oral or mixed. Increased frequency of articulatory disorders and more than one speech disorder were observed in males. TI was observed in 53.3% patients, followed by AD in 26.3%, and by FL in 21.9%. The co-occurrence of two or more speech alterations was observed in 24.8% of the children.ConclusionMouth breathing can affect speech development, socialization, and school performance. Early detection of mouth breathing is essential to prevent and minimize its negative effects on the overall development of individuals.     

手足口病伴神经系统症状85例分析

目的：探讨手足口病伴早期神经系统症状患者的临床特征及结局。方法对85例手足口病住院病例的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗转归及病原学等资料进行分析,其中热性惊厥（FC）62例,占72.94%,HFMD重症早期（易惊、肢体抖动、嗜睡）23例,占27.06%。结果（1）FC组主要表现为在发热第一天出现1-3次抽搐,持续1-10分钟不等,发作停止后神志恢复正常,无阳性病理神经征,部分有既往史和家族惊厥史;重症早期组主要表现为病后3-4天出现易惊、肢体抖动、嗜睡,于治疗后1-3天正常,无阳性病理神经征。（2）两组发热及皮疹持续时间的差异均无明显统计学意义,P均＞0.05。（3）多数患者存在血白细胞、C反应蛋白、糖升高及低钠血症,部分有心肌酶谱升高、心电图异常,以FC组为主。（4）病原检测：EV71-RNA（+）45例（52.94%）,CoxA 16-RNA（+）19例（22.35%）,肠道病毒通用核酸（+）12例（14.12%）,余9例（10.59%）检测均阴性,无交叉阳性结果。（5）平均住院5.86±1.89天,随访均未见后遗症。结论早期识别HFMD伴神经系统症状患者的病情及病因,有助于指导治疗及判断预后。     

西帕依固龈液联合超声雾化吸入治疗儿童疱疹性龈口炎的临床研究

目的研究西帕依固龈液联合超声雾化吸入治疗疱疹性龈口炎的临床疗效。方法收集疱疹性龈口炎患儿126例,随机分为四组：联合组（西帕依固龈液联合超声雾化吸入治疗）、单药Ⅰ组（西帕依固龈液治疗）、单药Ⅱ组（为超声雾化吸入治疗）和阳性对照组（西瓜霜喷剂治疗）,观察四组的临床疗效。结果联合组有效率为94.7%,单药I组有效率为46.2%,单药II组有效率为33.3%,阳性对照组有效率为40.6%。四组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论西帕依固龈液联合超声雾化吸入治疗儿童单纯性疱疹性龈口炎具有较好的效果。     

数字化三维重建技术辅助腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用研究

目的探讨数字化三维重建技术在腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损中的应用价值。方法选取2018年1月至2019年10月就诊于蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔颌面外科拟行腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复的口腔癌患者12例,其中男性8例,女性4例;年龄(57.4±12.6)岁。其中鳞状细胞癌10例,腺样囊性癌1例,黏液表皮样癌1例。术前均行下腹部CT血管造影,并将数据导入AW4.7软件进行后处理,挑选左侧或右侧优势供区,明确皮瓣血供的起源、管径、走行及穿出点位置,利用数字化三维重建技术指导皮瓣术前设计。结果12例患者中采用腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复者11例,1例由于未发现腹壁浅动脉,术中转为旋髂浅动脉皮瓣修复。11例采用腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复的患者,其术前CT血管造影测量的腹壁浅动脉管径[(1.0±0.3)mm]与术中实际测量值[(1.1±0.3)mm]差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。1例术后发生静脉血管危象,其余皮瓣均顺利成活。随访6~12个月,平均10个月,供区受区均一期愈合,未出现明显并发症,腹部瘢痕隐蔽。结论在腹壁浅动脉皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损重建术中,术前采用数字化三维重建技术可客观反映腹壁浅动脉的管径及走行位置等信息,有效降低皮瓣手术难度和风险。     

Analysis of Recent Serotype O Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Viruses from Livestock in Kenya: Evidence of Four Independently Evolving Lineages

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya where four serotypes (O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2) of the virus are currently in circulation. Within 2010 and 2011, the National Laboratory recorded an increase in the number of FMD outbreaks caused by serotype O virus. The characteristics of these viruses were determined to ascertain whether these were independent outbreaks or one single strain spreading throughout the country. The sequences of the complete VP1‐coding region were analysed from viruses sampled within different areas of Kenya during 2010 and 2011. The results indicated that the 2010 to 2011 outbreaks in Kenya were caused by four independent strains. By comparison with earlier type O isolates from Eastern Africa, it was apparent that the outbreaks were caused by viruses from three different lineages of topotype EA‐2 and a fourth virus strain belonging to topotype EA‐4. The topotypes EA‐1 and EA‐3 were not detected from these outbreaks. Implications of these results for FMD control in Eastern Africa are discussed.     

A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate‐to‐Live Versus Vaccinate‐to‐Die Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Response Policies II: Waiting Periods After Emergency Vaccination in FMD Free Countries

For countries with OIE status, FMD free country where vaccination is not practised, vaccinate‐to‐live policies have a significant economic disincentive as the trade restriction waiting period is double that of vaccinate‐to‐die policies. The disposal of healthy vaccinated animals strictly for the purpose of regaining markets with debatable scientific justification is a global concern. The feasibility of aligning the waiting periods to facilitate vaccinate‐to‐live is explored. The first article of this two‐part review (Barnett et al., 2015) explored the qualities of higher potency Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccines, performance of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) diagnostic assays particularly in vaccinates and carriers, as well as aspects of current limitations of post‐outbreak surveillance. Here, the history behind the OIE waiting periods for FMD free status is reviewed as well as whether the risk of vaccinated animals and their subsequent products differ appreciably at 3 versus 6 months. It is concluded that alignment is feasible for vaccinate‐to‐live using higher potency FMD vaccines within the current OIE waiting period framework of 3 and 6 months blocks of time. These waiting periods reflect precedence, historical practicalities and considered expert opinion rather than a specific scientific rationale. The future lies in updated epidemiological and diagnostic technology to establish an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom of FMDV (infection or circulation) not time restricted waiting periods. The OIE Terrestrial Code limits trade from a FMD free country where vaccination is not practiced to animal products and live non‐vaccinated animals. The risk of FMDV in products derived from higher potency vaccinated animals is appreciably less than for countries with infected FMD status or even from a FMD free country where vaccination is practised for which the Code has Articles with guidelines for safe trade with time restrictions of 3 months or less. All these presume that key requirements in the implementation of emergency vaccination including appropriate vaccine match, vaccine application, susceptible population coverage, etc. are addressed.     

两种口腔纤维桩修复残根残冠的临床效果及对咀嚼功能的影响

目的:探讨预成纤维桩和可塑纤维桩修复残根残冠的临床效果,以及对患者咀嚼功能的影响. 方法:选择符合标准的患者73例84颗患牙,随机分为观察组37例43颗患牙、对照组36例41颗患牙,对照组采用可塑纤维桩修复,观察组采用预成纤维桩修复,随访1年观察两组修复效果,比较治疗前后咀嚼功能. 结果:两组患者治疗前咬合力及咀嚼效率相似,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05);治疗后1个月,两组患者咬合力及咀嚼效率较治疗前均改善,但是观察组改善幅度更显著,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05). 观察组患者成功率为93.02%,高于对照组的82.93%,差异有统计学意义( P<0. 05). 观察组并发症发生率2.33%,低于对照组的12.20%,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05). 结论:预成纤维桩修复残根残冠效果显著,有效改善咀嚼功能,是残冠残根修复的理想方法之一,值得临床推广应用.     

Analysis of oral microbiota in Japanese oral cancer patients using 16S rRNA sequencing

ObjectivesIt is important to determine the cause of increasing oral cancer occurrence and mortality rates in Japan, because the mortality rate has recently decreased in other developed countries. The impact of microbiota in carcinogenesis, especially in the digestive tract has been reported. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between oral cancer and oral microbiota in Japanese patients.MethodsDNA was extracted from salivary samples of 60 oral cancer patients and 80 non-cancer individuals as controls. We performed metagenomic analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Statistical analysis in this study was performed using R (version 3.5.0).ResultsOral cancer patients showed higher α-diversity compared to the control group, and the β-diversity between the two groups differed significantly. Further, there was a significant difference in the abundance ratio of bacterial genera between the two groups. Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Alloprevotella, and Capnocytophaga were more abundant in the cancer group compared to the control, whereas Rothia and Haemophilus were less abundant (p < 0.01). A negative correlation in the microbiota composition was confirmed between the operational taxonomic units (OTU) of genus Rothia and T-stage progression using the TNM classification method. We performed logistic regression analysis to investigate the impact factor for the oral cancer group, and the result showed that Chao 1 index and sex are statistically significant variables.ConclusionsIn this study, we observed an increased bacterial diversity in oral cancer patients and found distribution changes for some bacteria.