Opioid receptor subtypes associated with ventral tegmental facilitation and periaqueductal gray inhibition of feeding

Eating was induced in sated animals by lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation following central microinjections of mu- (morphine), delta-([D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin) or kappa-(U-50,488H) receptor agonists, or saline. With stimulation intensity fixed at a moderate level, time to eat 3 45-mg food pellets decreased with increases in stimulation frequency, approaching an asymptote near 7 s at ca. 70 Hz. Ventral tegmental injections (8 but not 0.8 nmol) of each of the 3 drugs reduced the minimum frequency required to produce eating of 3 pellets within 20 s and reduced the frequency at which asymptotic performance was produced; the drugs were equally effective at these doses. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) reversed the effects of each drug; naloxone was slightly more effective against morphine than against DPDPE or U-50,488H. These data suggest that all 3 receptor classes may contribute to the ventral tegmental facilitation of feeding. Periaqueductal gray injections (16 but not 1.6 nmol) of morphine had the opposite effect; they increased the stimulation frequency required to cause eating of 3 pellets in 20 s, and decreased the speed of eating across all stimulation frequencies. Periaqueductal gray injections of the delta- and kappa-agonists were each without effect. These data indicate that the periaqueductal gray inhibition of feeding is mediated solely by mu-receptors and their associated periaqueductal gray circuitry.     

Evidence for a morphologically distinct subpopulation of striatipetal axons following injections of WGA-HRP into the ventral tegmental area in the rat

Following injections of small volumes (10-30 nl) of WGA-HRP (1-2%) into the ventral tegmental area, axonal transport of the lectin-peroxidase conjugate to ventral striatum was evaluated by light microscopy after TMB histochemistry and by electron microscopy following stabilization of the TMB reaction product with DAB and H2O2. Label was distributed more or less evenly in ventral striatum, with only slight patchiness observable in the boundary zone between the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial caudate-putamen. The electron microscope revealed that labeled axons contained markedly flattened vesicles and dense axoplasm and contacted perikarya, dendrites and dendritic spines of short (0.2-0.3 microns) symmetric appositions. Boutons with a similar triad of morphological features were observed in preparations processed for conventional electron microscopy and for tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry, suggesting that the characteristic morphological features observed are not an epiphenomenon related to histochemical processing.     

家兔大鼠延髓呼吸中枢压力感受区的细胞构筑

24只家兔和10只大鼠的延髓呼吸中枢压力感受区(BSA),经HE、Cajal等染色及免疫组化技术作细胞构筑学研究。BSA在软脑膜2～82μm之下,范围为390μm×490μm×1000μm,由中、小型多极和梭形神经元构成,属B1/35-羟色胺能神经元。其表层的胶质纤维及神经纤维与脑表面平行呈板层状排列。BSA富于毛细血管。     

THE EFFECTS OF 4-METHYL-2-THIOURACIL ON FIBRE TYPE AND CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA IN THE SOLEUS MUSCLE OF THE RAT

The effects of 4-methyl-2-thiouracil (MTU, 0.1% in drinking water) on the composition and cross-sectional area of muscle fibres of the rat soleus muscle were studied. The percentage of fast twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibres fell after 2 weeks of treatment with MTU to zero at 8 weeks. In contrast the percentage of FOG fibres in untreated animals fell to 19.2 +/- 2.1% during this period. The mean cross-sectional area of FOG and slow twitch-oxidative (SO) fibres were respectively 39.9% and 23.8% smaller than those of their respective controls 6 weeks after treatment. At 8 weeks the percentage reduction of SO fibre area was 26.8% of the control value. This study indicates that MTU treatment causes atrophy and redistribution of fibre type in the soleus muscle.     

Immunocytochemical localization of aromatase in the brain

An immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure using a purified polyclonal antibody raised against human placental aromatase was used to localize aromatase-containing cells in the Japanese quail brain. Immunoreactive cells were found only in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, with a high density of positive cells being present in the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic nucleus, in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the infundibulum. The positive material was localized in the perikarya and in adjacent cytoplasmic processes. Aromatase-containing cells were a specific marker for the sexually dimorphic preoptic nucleus. Treatment with testosterone produced a 6-fold increase in the aromatase activity of the preoptic area and a 4-fold increase in the number of immunoreactive cells in the medial preoptic nucleus. Thus, the increase in aromatase activity observed after testosterone administration is caused by a change in enzyme concentration.     

Reticular formation activity during wakefulness and sleep in a hibernator (Spermophilus lateralis)

This study examined ground squirrel reticular formation (RF) cell activity as a function of: (1) arousal state, and, (2) phasic alterations in neck muscle activity. A total of 37 neurons were recorded from 11 behaving squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Five cells were located in the midbrain RF, 15 were in the lateral pontine site implicated in inhibition of motor output, i.e. the subcoeruleus area, 11 were in the medial pontine RF, and 6 were in the medullary RF. Regardless of location, the majority of the cells (81%; 30 of 37) exhibited greatest activity when the animals were awake and/or in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. However, the relationship between neuronal activity and phasic alterations in neck muscle activity differed as a function of location. The activity of 53% of cells (8 of 15) located in the subcoeruleus area increased with phasic decreases in electromyographic (EMG) activity, whereas the activity of cells (22 of 22) in other RF sites decreased or did not change with phasic decreases in EMG activity. The increased activity of subcoeruleus area cells during phasic decreases in neck muscle activity is further evidence suggesting that the lateral pontine RF is involved in promotion of muscle atonia during REM sleep and possibly wakefulness.     

Active and passive drag: the role of trunk incline

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of trunk incline (TI) and projected frontal area (A _eff) in determining drag during active/passive measurements. Active drag (D _a) was measured in competitive swimmers at speeds from 0.6 to 1.4 m s⁻¹; speed specific drag (D _a/v ² ) was found to decrease as a function of v (P < 0.001) to indicate that the human body becomes more streamlined with increasing speed. Indeed, both A _eff and TI were found to decrease with v (P < 0.001) whereas C _d (the drag coefficient) was found to be unaffected by v. These data suggest that speed specific drag depend essentially on A _eff. Additional data indicate that A _eff is larger during front crawl swimming than during passive towing (0.4 vs. 0.24 m²). This suggest that D _a/v ² is larger than D _p/v ² and, at a given speed, that D _a is larger than D _p.     

家猪房室交界区的组织学观察

利用石蜡切片 ,HE和 Masson染色 ,光镜观测了 7例猪房室交界区的形态学和组织学特征。家猪房室结位于冠状窦口前方 ,大小为 7.0 2× 2 .6 5× 1.2 9mm3。传导细胞分两类 :1细胞短柱状 ,有时有分叉 ,细胞质内有横纹 ,核相对较大 ,此类细胞多位于结上部和前部 ;2典型的移行细胞 ,多位于结的后部和下部。有 2例存在副房室结。结上部和前部、房室束、右束支内的细胞在形态上介于 Purkinje细胞和心肌之间 ,未见典型的 P细胞。说明猪的传导细胞与其它哺乳动物有差异 ,但不同形式的传导细胞却在履行相同的传导功能     

医院信息系统设计

给出了一种基于局域网的医院信息系统（HIS）的设计方案     

科创承载型功能社区家庭医生服务需求及其影响因素研究

背景　上海市作为国家科技创新中心重要承载区，除了满足创新创业的政策支持、创业环境、资金投入等需求外，满足各类人才在健康保健等方面的延伸需求对于促进“产城融合”至关重要。发展功能社区卫生服务是完善功能配套、促进“产城融合”的关键环节，但当前功能社区服务存在短板，无法为“产城融合”提供支撑，亟须突破。目的　分析科创承载型功能社区人群多样化的健康服务需求，并为家庭医生健康服务在功能社区的拓展提供建议。方法　2019年3-11月，通过对上海市科创承载型功能社区进行分层随机抽样调查，共发放1 500份问卷，获得功能社区人群基本情况及生活方式、心理健康状况、卫生服务需求与利用等相关数据，了解功能社区人群的健康状况、卫生服务需求与利用情况，并分析功能社区家庭医生服务需求的影响因素；并参考文献研究结果，对比与其他类型功能社区人群的主要健康问题与卫生服务需求的差异。结果　共回收有效问卷1 487份（99.13%），其中调查对象两周患病率〔5.92%（88/1 487）〕、慢性病患病率〔5.98%（89/1 487）〕较低；功能社区人群健康服务主观需求主要是常见疾病处理（1 251人，84.13%）、健康管理（858人，57.70%）、健康体检（699人，47.01%）、健康咨询（586人，39.41%）、心理咨询（470人，31.61%）。功能社区人群家庭医生签约服务知晓率为57.03%（848/1 487），45.73%（680/1 487）有签约意愿，且性别、年龄、文化程度、自我感觉健康状况、慢性病患病情况对家庭医生签约意愿产生影响（P<0.05）；就诊意愿调查中，患病后想去的卫生机构前3位分别是市级医院（620人，41.69%）、区级医院（404人，27.17%）、门诊部（所）/卫生室/卫生服务站（153人，10.29%），其中质量（734人，25.41%）、距离（732人，25.34%）和有可信赖的医生（391人，13.48%）是主要影响因素；卫生服务实际利用情况与就诊意愿基本一致。结论　在科创承载型功能社区中开展健康保健服务具现实意义和可操作性。不同类型功能社区卫生服务需求可能存在差异，应针对不同需求提供差异化的健康服务方案，并吸取其他类型功能社区健康服务发展的优秀经验。建议从明确覆盖人群与服务内容、丰富供给方式、优化筹资来源、加强统筹协调等角度完善功能社区家庭医生服务的推进工作。