血液流变学指标预测妊高征的研究

为了解血液流变学指标对预测妊高征的作用，对１２４例健康孕妇血液流变学指标从孕２０周开始进行连续动态观察。结果表明：１２４例预测对象中，发展为妊高征者２５例（２０．１６％），寒冷季节组发病率显著高于湿热季节组发病率（Ｐ＜０．０５）；寒冷季节组血粘度和红细胞压积值显著高于湿热季节组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；孕末期妊高征组血液流变学指标多项值高于正常妊娠组；孕中期血液浓缩者，后期发生妊高征的可能性较大。说明妊娠期血液浓缩在妊高征发病中有重要作用，寒冷季节可加重孕妇血液浓缩，应引起重视。     

Combined exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 and pediatric asthma

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Daily mortality in Madrid community 1986–1992: Relationship with meteorological variables

Daily mortality displays a seasonal pattern linked to weather, air pollution, photoperiod length, influenza incidence and diet, among which temperature ranks as a leading cause. This study thus sought to assess the relationship between temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and mortality in the Madrid Autonomous Region (Spain) for the period January 1986–December 1992, controlling for the effects of air pollution and influenza incidence. Daily data on maximum, minimum and 24-hour mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were matched against daily mortality. Transfer function was identified using the Box–Jenkins pre-whitening method. Multivariate time series regression models were used to control for the confounding effects of air pollution and influenza incidence. Separate seasonal analyses were carried out for winter and summer periods. A J-shaped relationship between outdoor temperature, relative humidity and daily mortality was found. Mortality proved to be inversely related to cold temperature (4- to 11-day lag) and directly related to warm temperature (1-day lag). High relative humidity during summer periods was negatively related to mortality. Thermal variation ascribable to Madrid's mesothermal Mediterranean climate was strongly related to daily mortality, even where air pollution and influenza incidence were controlled for.     

A year's trauma admissions and the effect of the weather

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To study the admissions to a busy trauma unit on a day-by-day basis over a 1 year period, and to look for any correlation with local weather variation or temporal factors (day of the week, weekends/school holidays, etc.). METHOD: Admissions data for the Trauma Unit at the Leicester Royal Infirmary was collected from an administrative database and ward records for the calendar year of 1998. Admissions were split into four groups: all admissions, adult admissions, admissions for proximal femoral fractures (neck of femur (NOF)) and paediatric admissions. Weather information for the local area was obtained from the Meteorological Office. Details of school holidays were obtained from the local Education Department. The above variables were examined using Poisson regression analysis for their potential importance in explaining day-to-day variation in admission rates for the four groups. RESULTS: For adult and NOF admissions, none of the weather factors appeared to explain variation in incidence, only day of the week appears to be important, with the earlier part of the week yielding a highly statistically significant increase in the relative incidence of trauma admissions. For both paediatric and total admissions, a number of factors appear important, including maximum and minimum temperatures, hours of sunshine, day of the week and month of the year. Daily rainfall, significant weather and whether the day was a school day or school holiday did not appear to be important on univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Trauma admissions are related to both weather and temporal factors. This may have implications both in terms of prevention and in planning of care provision in trauma units.     

The "Christmas Effect" and other biometeorologic influences on childbearing and the health of women

OBJECTIVE: To review the body of literature addressing biometeorologic and chronobiologic effects on conception, pregnancy, parturition, and other health conditions. DATA SOURCES: Computerized searches of MEDLINE, PUBMED, CINAHL, and the World Wide Web. STUDY SELECTION: Studies, including international research, dating from 1938 to 2001. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted and information organized under the following categories: influence of leisure time and seasonality on the rate of conception and birth, the relationship of meteorologic changes and lunar cycles to childbearing, the "Christmas Effect" and its impact on other health outcomes, and nursing implications. DATA SYNTHESIS: Research from the disciplines of biometeorology and chronobiology indicates that there are patterns in the occurrence of conception, pregnancy, and onset of labor that vary in timing and amplitude in different populations and geographic regions. Consideration of these factors should be included in the analysis of birth data when planning and providing maternity care. The Christmas Effect is one of the most predominant seasonal patterns that can be seen in birth data throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS: Biometeorologic and other cyclic phenomena are underused in the United States in planning and providing maternity care. These phenomena warrant consideration when planning holistic health care.     

高温对南京市某城区人口死亡的影响

目的探讨高温对南京市某城区人口死亡的影响。方法将监测日按最高气温分为“热日”(≥35℃)和“非热日”(<35℃);1a中每个热日的死亡数与该年平均每个非热日的死亡数的差值称为“热日多出死亡数”或“热有关死亡数”。在分析南京近10年来的气候特点的基础上,分析了该区1994-2002年夏季(6-8月)日最高气温对该区9a人口死亡的影响。并分析了1998年夏季日最高气温与总死亡数、性别、年龄别死亡数的关系。结果南京夏季最高气温多出现在7、8月份,可达40.7℃。该区夏季最高气温在35℃以上时,随温度的升高死亡数显著增加;“热日”与“非热日”死亡数之比为1.17。1998年热日多出死亡数占该年夏季总死亡数的11.3%。总死亡数、60岁以上老年人以及男、女死亡数均在7月10-20日及8月1-15日出现死亡高峰,且前者高于后者。结论南京的高温天气对人口死亡有显著影响。     

Investigating the relationship between weather and violence in Baltimore,Maryland, USA

BackgroundIt is a common refrain at major urban trauma centers that caseloads increase in the heat of the summer. Several previous studies supported this assertion, finding trauma admissions and crime to correlate positively with temperature. We examined links between weather and violence in Baltimore, MD, through trauma presentation to Johns Hopkins Hospital and crime reports filed with the Baltimore Police Department.MethodsCrime data were obtained from the Baltimore City Police Department from January 1, 2008 to March 31, 2013. Trauma data were obtained from a prospectively collected registry of all trauma patients presenting to Johns Hopkins Hospital from January 1, 2007 to March 31, 2013. Weather data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. Correlation coefficients were calculated and negative binomial regression was used to elucidate the independent associations of weather and temporal variables with the trauma and crime data.ResultsWhen adjusting for temporal and meteorological factors, maximum daily temperature was positively associated with total trauma, intentional injury, and gunshot wounds presenting to Johns Hopkins Hospital along with total crime, violent crime, and homicides in Baltimore City. Associations of average wind speed, daily precipitation, and daily snowfall with trauma and crime were far weaker and, when significant, nearly universally negative.ConclusionMaximum daily temperature is the most important weather factor associated with violence and trauma in our study period and location. Our findings suggest potential implications for hospital staffing to be explored in future studies.     

气象要素变化与心血管病就诊状况的研究

目的探讨气象要素变化对心血管病患者就诊状况的影响。方法按季节登记1～4d24h门急诊患者就诊情况,同时取得登记日的气象要素数据。按照《国际疾病分类》(ICD9版)进行疾病编码。分析各种疾病(包括心脑血管病)的年龄、性别和季节构成;各种气象要素的均值和标准差;多因素分析采用Logistic回归方程。结果1.按系统分类,门急诊患者不同季节均以呼吸系统疾病就医比例最高,循环系统疾病以春季比例最高,夏季最低。2.按疾病分类,糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、脑卒中和总心脑血管病均是冬季和夏季患病比例最高,春季最低。3.与高血压就诊的相关因素有年龄、相对湿度、露点温度、最高气温、最低气温和气压。影响心、脑血管病患病就诊的因素均为年龄和最高气温。结论心脑血管病受多种气象要素影响。高血压和总心血管病的易患季节是冬季和夏季。高血压病占就诊疾病的14.8%,门诊医生对高血压患者的管理和诊断治疗水平对高血压防治十分重要。     

Rain,temperature, and child–adolescent height among Native Amazonians in Bolivia

Background: Global climate change and recent studies on early-life origins of well-being suggest that climate events early in life might affect health later in life.

Aim: The study tested hypotheses about the association between the level and variability of rain and temperature early in life on the height of children and adolescents in a foraging–farming society of native Amazonians in Bolivia (Tsimane').

Subject and methods: Measurements were taken for 525 children aged 2–12 and 218 adolescents aged 13–23 in 13 villages in 2005. Log of standing height was regressed on mean annual level and mean intra-annual monthly coefficient of variation (CV) of rain and mean annual level of temperature during gestation, birth year, and ages 2–4. Controls include age, quinquennium and season of birth, parent's attributes, and dummy variables for surveyors and villages.

Results: Climate variables were only related with the height of boys age 2–12. The level and CV of rain during birth year and the CV of rain and level of temperature during ages 2–4 were associated with taller stature. There were no secular changes in temperature (1973–2005) or rain (1943–2005).

Conclusion: The height of young females and males is well protected from climate events, but protection works less well for boys ages 2–12.     

Air pollution and mortality in Madrid, Spain: a time-series analysis

To assess the relationship, if any, between air pollutant (sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate) levels and mortality in the city of Madrid during the period 1986–1992, controlling for weather, season, and influenza epidemics. Methods: Daily death counts were obtained from the Regional Mortality Registry. Pollution data were supplied by the Municipal Monitoring Network. Time-series analysis methodology was used to assess the link between non-accidental as well as circulatory- and respiratory-disease mortality, on the one hand, and mean daily concentrations of SO₂ and total suspended particulate (TSP), on the other. Multivariate autoregressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) models were used to adjust for season, temperature, relative humidity, and influenza. A␣sensitivity analysis was run to assess the robustness of the estimators. Results: Graphical analysis revealed a linear relationship between mortality and TSP. The relationship was logarithmic in the case of SO₂. TSP lagged 1 day and SO₂ lagged 3 days with an independent effect on mortality. This relationship was produced without the detection of a minimal threshold in emission values. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis of an association between pollution levels and mortality between 1986–1992 in Madrid. Additional measures designed to reduce pollution levels without compromising thermal comfort should be implemented. Received: 28 January 1998 / Accepted: 6 July 1998