钠摄入量对充血性心衰大鼠血浆及心肌Ang Ⅱ、Ald和ANP水平的影响

观察严格限钠或适量补钠对充血性心衰(CHF)大鼠血钠及血浆和心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(Ald)和心钠素(ANP)水平的影响。结果表明：限钠使血钠进一步降低(P＜ 0.05), 血浆AngⅡ、Ald、ANP水平进一步升高(均 P＜ 0.01),尿钠、尿量显著减少,心衰加重;补钠则使血钠恢复正常,血浆AngⅡ和Ald降至正常,ANP仍保持较高水平,尿钠、尿量显著增加,心衰缓解。提示：充血性心衰时,适当补钠可促使RAAS与ANPS两大激素系统之间的活性恢复平衡、促进排钠利尿、心衰缓解。     

Stress augments food 'wanting' and energy intake in visceral overweight subjects in the absence of hunger

Stress may induce eating in the absence of hunger, possibly involving changes in food reward, i.e. ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acute psychological stress on food reward, and on energy intake, in visceral overweight (VO) vs. normal weight (NW) subjects. Subjects (27 NW, age = 26 ± 9 yrs, BMI = 22 ± 2 kg/m²; 15 VO, age = 36 ± 12 yrs, BMI = 28 ± 1 kg/m²) came to the university twice, fasted, for either a rest or stress condition (randomized cross-over design). Per test-session ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for 72 items divided in six categories (bread, filling, drinks, dessert, snacks, and stationery (control)) were measured twice, each time followed by a wanted meal. Appetite profile (visual analogue scales, VAS), heart rate, mood state and level of anxiety (POMS/STAI questionnaires) were measured.High hunger and low satiety (64 ± 19, 22 ± 20 mmVAS) confirmed the fasted state. Elevated heart rate, anger and confusion scores (p ≤ 0.03) confirmed the stress vs. rest condition. Consumption of the first meal decreased hunger, increased satiety, and decreased ranking of ‘liking’ of bread vs. increased ranking of ‘liking’ of the control (p < 0.001). ‘Wanting’ for dessert and snacks, energy intake, carbohydrate and fat intake for the second meal stress vs. rest relatively increased in VO vs. decreased in NW (p < 0.02). During stress vs. rest VO showed a 6 ± 9% increase in percentage of daily energy requirements consumed over the two meals (p = 0.01).To conclude, visceral overweight subjects showed stress-induced food intake in the absence of hunger, resulting in an increased energy intake.     

Maternal care alterations induced by repeated ethanol leads to heightened consumption of the drug and motor impairment during adolescence: a dose-response analysis

Maternal ethanol exposure during lactation induces behavioral alterations in offspring, including disruptions in motor skills and heightened ethanol ingestion during adolescence. These behavioral outcomes appear to partially depend on ethanol-induced disruptions in maternal care. The present study assessed motor skills and ethanol intake in adolescent rats raised by dams that had been repeatedly given ethanol during lactation. Female rats (postpartum days [PDs] 3-13) were administered ethanol (0.5, 1.5, or 2.5 g/kg) or vehicle every other day and allowed to freely interact with their pups. During adolescence, the offspring were evaluated for motor coordination (accelerating rotarod test) and oral ethanol self administration. The lowest maternal ethanol dose (0.5 g/kg) mildly affected motor performance, whereas the higher doses (1.5 and 2.5 g/kg) resulted in motor coordination impairment and greater ethanol intake. Maternal care behavior was affected by ethanol in a dose-dependent fashion. These results indicate that early experience with ethanol during lactation, even when the drug dosage is kept relatively low, leads to long-term consequences in offspring. Dose-response effects on maternal care behavior (i.e., nest building, crouching) may underlie disruptions in motor development and greater ethanol intake resulting from these early ethanol experiences.     

Individual effects of estradiol and progesterone on food intake and body weight in ovariectomized binge rats

The individual roles of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) in the control of food intake and body weight in ovariectomized (OVX) rats were investigated. Six groups of OVX Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 9/group) were assigned to one of three 4-day cyclic hormone treatments: two groups were treated with E benzoate; two groups were treated with P; two groups were treated with both (EP). All rats had continuous access to chow and water throughout this 4-week study. One group of rats within each hormone treatment condition was fed chow ad libitum, and the second was subjected to a binge schedule: chow ad libitum plus 1-h access to an optional fat source on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. A seventh OVX group (n = 8) received the oil vehicle and chow. This group was included to monitor body weight and to verify hormone efficacy. The main findings were: (1) relative to rats receiving only P, E alone or EP attenuated 24-h chow intake tonically and cyclically, i.e. intake on Day 4, which models estrus, was lower in E and EP than in P, and also was lower than intake on Day 2, which models diestrus. In contrast, (2) neither E nor EP detectably affected optional fat intake during the 1-h fat access period relative to rats receiving only P when data were collapsed across the entire study. However, (3) E and EP had large effects on fat intake relative to P during the 1-h fat access period at the start of the study, but not at the end, when bingeing was fully established. (4) E and EP led to lower and apparently normal levels of body weight compared to rats receiving only the oil vehicle or only P. These results indicate that (1) administration of E alone has similar effects as co-administration of E and P on feeding and body weight in rats bingeing on fat, (2) with or without P, the inhibitory effects of E on meal size are compromised when bingeing on fat, and (3) the effects of E on binge size change dynamically as bingeing develops.     

Effect of salt intake on jejunal dopamine,Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and electrolyte transport

The present study addresses the question of the relevance of salt intake on jejunal dopamine, Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity and electrolyte transport. Low salt, but not high salt, intake for 2 weeks increased dopamine levels in the jejunal mucosa accompanied by a marked decrease in L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine tissue levels. By contrast, in rats fasted for 72 h the effect of refeeding for 24 h with a low salt diet failed to change dopamine tissue levels, although it significantly increased those of L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine. By contrast, high salt intake markedly increased the tissue levels of both dopamine and L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine, without changes in dopamine/ L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine tissue ratios. Tissue levels of both L ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine in control conditions (normal salt intake for 2 weeks) were markedly higher (P < 0.05) than in rats submitted to 72 h fasting plus 24 h refeeding. The effect of fasting for 72 h followed by 24 h refeeding was a marked decrease in jejunal Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity, particularly evident for rats fed a normal salt and high salt diets during the refeeding period. Basal short circuit current was similar in rats fed a normal salt diet for 2 weeks and 24 h, and the type of diet failed to alter basal short circuit current after refeeding with normal, low and high salt diets. On the other hand, the effect of prolonged low salt intake was a marked decrease in jejunal Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase activity and basal short circuit current, whereas high salt intake failed to alter enzyme activity and basal short circuit current. In rats fed for 2 weeks a high salt diet ouabain was found to be more potent in reducing jejunal short circuit current than in rats fed normal and low salt diets. The effect of furosemide was more marked in rats fed for 2 weeks high and low salt diets than in animals receiving a normal salt intake. Dopamine (up to 1 μmol L^–1) was found not to alter Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase and basal short circuit current in jejunal epithelial sheets, in rats fed with normal, low and high salt diets for 2 weeks and 24 h.     

不同饮食对低风险产妇硬膜外分娩镇痛及胃排空时间的影响

目的比较不同饮食对低风险产妇在硬膜外分娩镇痛状态下分娩相关指标及胃排空时间的影响。方法选择单胎头位孕足月低风险初产妇113例,年龄18～35岁,BMI35 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,孕期37周。入产房前4 h以上无进食,接受硬膜外分娩镇痛时宫口扩张≤2 cm。产妇纳入研究后先进行B超下基础胃窦横截面积(CSA)测量,接受硬膜外分娩镇痛后随机分为三组:清水组(W组,n=39)、高能碳水化合物饮料组(C组,n=39)和半固体饮食组(M组,n=35)。W组饮用250 ml清水,C组饮用250 ml术能多维饮料,M组进食面条250 g。记录产妇基础状态、进食后即刻、进食后1、2、3、4、5、6 h的CSA。记录产妇第一和第二产程时间、出血量、剖宫产发生情况。记录新生儿出生后1、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血气pH、血糖、乳酸、进入新生儿ICU发生情况。结果三组产妇第一和第二产程时间、失血量、剖宫产率差异均无统计学意义。三组新生儿出生后1、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血气pH、血糖、乳酸、进入新生儿ICU发生率差异均无统计学意义。中转剖宫产产妇中有5例转剖宫产时胃未排空,其中W组1例、C和M组各2例,各组转剖宫产产妇均未发生呕吐和反流误吸。W组、C组和M组胃排空时间分别为(85.8±75.3) min、(116.2±86.8) min和(254.7±103.5) min,M组胃排空时间明显长于W组和C组(P0.05),C组胃排空时间明显长于W组(P0.05)。结论低风险产妇分娩期间只饮用清水或高能碳水化合物饮料或者进食半固体食物对分娩和新生儿出生后相关结局指标均无明显影响,但分娩镇痛状态下进食半固体食物的产妇胃排空时间最长,分娩过程中仍应限制产妇摄入半固体食物。     

微型饮料“利喉乐”的研究

<正> 为了解决运动员在剧烈运动中出现的口咽部干燥,灼热感,避免因口干而喝水过多引起一系列副作用。我们和广州白云山制药厂合作,共同研制微型饮料——“利喉乐”。于1985起应用于体育、文艺、教育等部门,取得了良好的效果。现将“利喉乐”的配方,剂型、包装,药理、毒理以及临床观察总结如下:     

山西地方品种晋中绵羊的研究进展

晋中绵羊是山西优良的地方品种,是蒙古羊与山西晋中当地品种杂交形成的产肉性能较好的农区粗毛短脂尾地方品种,具有生长快、易肥育、肉质鲜嫩的特点,1年1胎,双胎率低。大量学者开展了晋中绵羊的营养与饲料、遗传与繁殖、毛绒品质和羊肉加工方向的研究,本文将晋中绵羊的相关文献进行归纳、整理和分析,阐述各位学者开展晋中绵羊的营养与饲料、遗传和繁殖等方向的研究工作进展,进而为晋中绵羊的未来发展提供参考。     

Reinforcement of denture base resin with short vegetable fiber

Objectives

Short ramie fibers were selected to investigate the effect of fiber length and volume fraction on the flexural properties of ramie fiber reinforced denture base PMMA. With the aid of measured interfacial shear strength and theoretical prediction values, experimental results were well interpreted.

Methods

Interfacial properties between denture base PMMA and ramie fibers were evaluated by single fiber pull-out test. Then, chopped ramie fibers were pre-stirred with PMMA powder by a mechanical blender and then mixed with MMA liquid to fabricate composites. Two crucial influencing factors, fiber volume fraction and fiber length, were studied to clarify their effects on flexural properties of composites.

Results

With 1.5 mm fibers addition, flexural modulus of denture base PMMA rose from 2.50 to 3.46 GPa with 10 vol.% fibers, while flexural strength declined steadily with increment of fiber content. If fiber length was 3.0 mm, the modulus showed a growth to 3.5 GPa at 4 vol.% fiber content followed by a drop to 3.00 GPa at 10 vol.%, whereas fluctuation in strength was experienced. Experimental results were discussed by comparison with two theoretical models.

Significance

Short ramie fiber reinforced denture base PMMA had higher flexural modulus than neat resin, while strength was lowered due to the weak interfacial adhesion. The potential of vegetable fibers as reinforcing agents for denture base should be further investigated by strengthening the interface between cellulose and denture base PMMA.