成都地区无症状高尿酸血症伴心血管危险因素的城乡流行病学调查

目的 探讨成都地区高尿酸血症患病率及合并心血管危险因素的现状及城乡差异.方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法选取成都市城市和农村社区,采用问卷、体格检查和实验室检查方式共调查35～70岁人群2 032人.结果 ①成都地区高尿酸血症患病率为17.77％,城市高于农村,分别为21.38％和14.16％.②高尿酸血症合并高胆固醇血症患者,城市高于农村,分别为34.10％和13.89％;城市女性高于农村女性,分别为39.06％和16.13％;城市男性高于农村男性,分别为26.97％和12.20％.③高尿酸血症合并高血压患者,城市高于农村,分别为58.06％和32.64％;城市女性高于农村女性,分别为59.38％和35.48％;城市男性高于农村男性,分别为56.18％和30.49％.④高尿酸血症合并糖耐量异常患者,城市女性低于农村女性,分别为28.91％和45.16％.结论 高胆固醇血症、高血压是城市高尿酸血症患者最常合并的心血管危险因素,并且明显高于农村.糖耐量异常是农村女性高尿酸血症患者最常合并的心血管危险因素.而高尿酸血症合并空腹血糖异常、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症、腹型肥胖、肥胖等心血管危险因素,城乡之间均无明显差异.     

Corticosterone and corticosteroid binding globulin in birds: Relation to urbanization in a desert city

As cities expand worldwide, understanding how species adapt to novel urban habitats will become increasingly important to conservation. The adrenocortical stress response enables vertebrates to cope with novel environmental challenges to homeostasis. We examined total and estimates of free baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) concentrations and CORT binding globulin (CBG) levels in five passerine species within and around Phoenix, Arizona. We tested whether baseline and stress-induced CORT patterns differed among species living at varying densities in Phoenix and tested the hypothesis that, for species capable of successfully colonizing cities, individuals living in urban areas have a decreased acute stress response compared to individuals living in native desert. Baseline total CORT levels were generally similar in urban and rural birds. Capture and handling stress typically produced greater total CORT responses in urban birds than in rural birds, although these responses differed as a function of the life history stage (non-breeding, breeding or molt). CBG binding capacity did not change with life history stage or locality. Estimated free CORT concentrations differed less between groups than total CORT concentrations. Urban birds showed less variability in stress responses across life history stages than rural birds. We propose that more predictable resources in the city than in rural areas may decrease the need to vary stress responsiveness across life history stages. The results highlight the species-specific effects of urbanization on stress physiology and the difficulty to predict how urbanization impacts organisms.     

马鞍山市城乡老年人口生活质量比较研究

目的 探讨马鞍山市城乡老人生活质量的差异及影响因素,为老年人口生活质量的改善提供科学依据。方法 以马鞍山市区及当涂县某乡镇作为本次研究现场,年龄≥60岁且无言语交流障碍者作为调查对象。现场调查采用一对一访谈形式进行问卷调查,调查工具包括一般社会人口学特征问卷、简版老年抑郁量表、社会支持量表和世界卫生组织生活质量测定简表。结果 城乡老人在性别、年龄、文化程度、慢性病、抑郁状况、社会支持等方面差异均有统计学意义 (P＜0.05)。农村老人生活质量总分及其4个领域得分均低于城市老人,城乡老人生活质量受到性别、年龄、慢性病、抑郁、社会支持等多种因素的影响 (P＜0.05),但是在影响因素种类和影响程度上有所差别。结论 城乡老人对改善生活质量的需求有所不同,应根据城乡老人不同特点进行干预以便有效地提高老人生活质量。     

Epidemiology of hypertension among a population of school children in Sousse, Tunisia

BACKGROUND: Pediatric hypertension is a field of increasing interest and importance. Early identification of children at risk for hypertension is important to prevent the serious, long-term complications associated with the condition. In Tunisia, there are no data available on the cardiovascular disease risk profile, such as hypertension, in the population of children. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of hypertension, the percentile distribution of blood pressure and the inter-relationships between hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among school children. METHODS: An epidemiological survey was conducted based on a representative sample of 1569 urban school children in Sousse, Tunisia. RESULTS: The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 9.6%, with no significant difference between boys (9.2%) and girls (9.9%). The prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was 6.4% and 4.5%, respectively. In both boys and girls, systolic pressure had a highly significant positive correlation with height (boys: r=0.33, P<0.001; girls: r=0.08, P=0.02), weight (boys: r=0.47, P < or = 0.001; girls: r=0.35, P<0.001) and triglyceride concentrations (boys: r=0.13, P<0.001; girls: r=0.10, P=0.006). Among boys, a positive correlation was found between systolic blood pressure and age (r=0.12, P=0.001) and, among girls, a negative correlation was found (r=-0.12, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: This information will be used to help launch a regional program of heart health promotion in schools.     

成都市农转非与城市居民的卫生服务需要与利用分析

目的 了解成都市农转非与城市居民的卫生服务需要与利用情况,为改善居民的健康状况提供政策建议。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样方法抽取该市6188名农转非居民以及3482名城市居民进行问卷调查。结果 成都市的城市居民慢性病患病率(28.3%)稍高于农转非居民(26.1%),但城市与农转非居民的慢性病患病类型前5位排序大体相同。农转非居民的两周患病率(16.1%)、两周就诊率(15.2%)、年住院率(9.7%)分别高于城市居民的两周患病率(12.7%)、两周就诊率(12.2%)、年住院率(6.2%)。农转非居民和城市居民在两周患病后分别有44.7%、41.7%的人去基层医疗机构就诊,在需要住院时分别有50.0%、73.4%的人去三级医院或专科医院就诊。结论 农转非居民的两周患病率更高,城市居民的慢性病患病率更高。农转非和城市居民在两周患病后都更倾向于去基层医疗机构就诊,在住院机构的选择上更倾向于三级医院或专科医院,说明分级诊疗政策的实施在成都取得一定效果。农转非居民的卫生服务利用率高于城市居民,建议政府根据实际情况在新修的农转非社区合理规划医疗机构和分配卫生资源,改善居民健康。     

2006-2014年江苏省两地区医院伤害监测病例分布特征分析

目的 掌握江苏省两地区医院伤害监测哨点医院伤害病例的分布特征,从而为制订城市和农村的伤害防治策略提供依据。方法 对2006-2014年因伤害首次在江苏省两地区6家全国伤害监测哨点医院就诊的伤害病例进行描述性分析。结果 2006-2014年江苏省6家监测医院共报告伤害病例508 728例。城市点病例伤害发生年龄组构成比前三位分别为40~岁（11.9%）、20~岁（11.1%）和45~岁（10.1%）;农村点病例年龄组构成比前三位分别为20~岁（11.7%）、40~岁（10.5%）和25~岁（9.8%）。城市点病例职业构成以商业、服务业人员最高,占14.7%,农村点病例职业构成以生产运输设备人员及有关人员最高,占45.2%。城市点病例发生首要原因为跌倒/坠落伤（32.2%）;农村点病例发生首要原因为道路交通伤（25.0%）。城市点病例和农村点病例伤害经常发生的地点是公路/街道,伤害发生时活动主要为休闲活动,伤害意图以非故意为主。结论 无论是城市点还是农村点,伤害发生的原因均以跌倒/坠落伤和道路交通伤为主,因此应实施有针对性的干预措施,降低伤害的发生率。     

城镇已婚育龄妇女避孕方法选择现状及影响因素调查

目的:了解城镇妇女避孕方法选择现状及影响因素。方法:调查辽宁省皇姑区、山东省临淄区和陕西省灞桥区部分社区20～50岁育龄群众避孕方法选择情况。结果:共调查已婚育龄妇女1807人,平均年龄39.7岁,高中及以上文化71.9%;现避孕率为82.4%;避孕方法构成以宫内节育器(IUD)为主(75.6%),避孕套使用率为18.6%,其它避孕方法使用比例少;高龄、低文化程度、职业人群、有一次活产史及无人工流产史者使用IUD的比例较高;育龄妇女选择避孕方法主要关心有效性、安全性和便捷性,卫生机构、计划生育机构及超市等商业机构为避孕方法的重要获取渠道。结论:参与调查城镇育龄妇女的避孕率较高且以IUD为主,不同特征对象的避孕率及避孕方法构成不同。今后应加强对重点人群的避孕宣教与指导,根据不同对象的特点提供个性化计划生育服务,提高群众对计划生育服务的信任度与利用度。     

Assessment of lead, cadmium, and zinc contamination of roadside soils, surface films, and vegetables in Kampala City, Uganda

The relationship between traffic density and trace metal concentrations in roadside soils, surface films, and a selected vegetable weed, Amaranthus dubius Mart. Ex Thell., was determined in 11 farming sites along major highways around Kampala City in Uganda. Surface soil, atmospherically deposited surface films on windows, and leaves of Amaranthus dubius were sampled at known distances from the roads and analyzed for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Atmospherically deposited trace metal particulates were sampled using window glass as an inert, passive collector. Total trace metal concentrations in soils ranged from 30.0+/-2.3 to 64.6+/-11.7 mg/kg Pb, 78.4+/-18.4 to 265.6+/-63.2 mg/kg Zn, and 0.8+/-0.13 to 1.40+/-0.16 mg/kg Cd. Total trace metal levels in soil decreased rapidly with distance from the road. Total Pb decreased with distance up to 30 m from the road, where it reached a background soil concentration of 28 mg/kg dry weight. The study found background values of 50 and 1.4 mg/kg for Zn and Cd in roadside soils, respectively. Similarly, Pb concentration in Amaranthus dubius leaves decreased with increasing distance from the road edge. The dominant pathway for Pb contamination was from atmospheric deposition, which was consistent with Pb concentrations in surface films. The mean Pb concentrations in leaves of roadside crops were higher than those in their respective roots, with the highest leaf-to-root ratio observed in the Brassica oleraceae acephala group. The lowest Pb and Zn concentrations were found in the fruit compared to the leaves of the same crops. Leaves of roadside vegetables were therefore considered a potential source of heavy metal contamination to farmers and consumers in urban areas. It is recommended that leafy vegetables should be grown 30 m from roads in high-traffic, urban areas.     

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in serum from students in Coimbra, Portugal: 1997-2001

In 1997, 1999, 2000, and 2001, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of a Portuguese population, organochlorine pesticide residues were evaluated in human serum from students of the University of Coimbra. Concentrations of selected organochlorine pollutants (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, HE, HCB, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD) and endosulfan sulfate was measured with gas chromatography-electron capture detector. Our objective is to point out the general levels of pesticide contamination and the differences between the four populations; and together with this, if a connection could be established with gender or the residence area of the subjects. Endosulfan sulfate, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDD were the most frequently identified residues. Endosulfan sulfate present the highest concentrations for all subjects, 42.6 microg/l, with concentrations ranging from undetected to 1295.5 microg/l. Between DDT, isomers, and analogues, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT presented the highest levels, 24.8 and 21.9 microg/l, respectively. Mean total DDT levels were higher than mean total HCH levels. For summation operator-DDT, the highest levels were found among female gender and urban samples. An opposite situation was found in summation operator-HCH: males presented higher levels than females. The mean concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues, present in the student populations, showed that it is among the highest levels of contamination, when compared with others from Europe, Asia, and America.