某铀矿10年监测资料分析和井下氡及其子体浓度的分布

目的了解某铀矿井下氡及其子体在10年间不同年份、不同季节、不同场所的分布规律,以便有针对性地采取井下降氡措施。方法收集1995~2004年间某铀矿井下氡及其子体浓度资料,计算平衡当量氡浓度及平衡因子F。结果主要工作面(一类)的氡及其子体浓度均高于辅助工作面(二类)(P<0.01),未通风时的氡浓度明显高于通风时的浓度(P<0.01)。铀矿井下氡及其子体浓度在夏季、秋季比春季、冬季高,5月和9月的水平接近年平均水平。在出碴、出矿、打钻和支柱等主要作业面的作业点处氡及其子体浓度较高。导出铀矿井下空气中年平均氡浓度为2 977 Bq/m3,测定样品中超过年平均浓度的占26%,平均平衡因子F=0.34。结论通风是降低井下氡及其子体浓度主要的有效方法。5月和9月是调查铀矿井下氡及其子体平均辐射水平可考虑的最佳季节。     

Retrospective exposure assessment for respirable and inhalable dust, crystalline silica and arsenic in the former German uranium mines of SAG/SDAG Wismut

OBJECTIVES: Starting shortly after the reunification of Germany and lasting up to the end of the 1990s, an extensive series of retrospective exposure investigations for the East German uranium mining industry was performed in order to provide information about the exposure situation of the miners towards respirable dust, inhalable dust, crystalline silica and heavy metals. It should provide the necessary information for legal compensation of miners with potential industrial diseases as well as for epidemiological research. METHODS: Extensive side-by-side measurements using original historic equipments as well as comprehensive evaluation of the time increments of specific jobs with respect to exposure relevant tasks were performed. After attributing average exposures to the tasks, shift exposures for the jobs could be calculated. RESULTS: By the end a comprehensive job exposure matrix for all underground jobs of the German uranium mining industry was developed for the components mentioned, including arsenic where relevant. In the early days of SAG/SDAG Wismut dust and silica exposures were extremely high with respirable dust up to 20 mg/m(3) and respirable crystalline silica well above 2 mg/m(3) as shift averages. Beginning from about the early 1960s dust control measures started to improve conditions dramatically. CONCLUSIONS: It is absolutely necessary to invest sufficient effort for the estimation of exposure situations of past technological environments. Especially, the situation of early mechanised mining, characterised by low ventilation, dry drilling techniques and generally lacking dust control measures was characterized by extreme shift exposures. It is important to keep these in mind when metal mining exposure in different environments is considered.     

煤矿工人红细胞免疫粘附功能变化的探讨

目的:探讨煤矿工人红细胞免疫粘附功能的变化。方法:采用补体致敏酵母菌凝聚花环法测定了某煤矿井下采煤工人和煤工尘肺病人血液红细胞免疫粘附功能。结果:接煤尘组和煤工尘肺RBC.C_3b.RT显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。接煤尘组和煤工尘肺组RBC.IC.RT显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:煤尘导致煤工尘肺的发展过程中,红细胞免疫系统及其功能可能发生改变,表现为继发性红细胞免疫功能低下。     

A normative value pilot study: levels of uranium in urine samples from UK civilians

A normative study of the levels of urinary uranium in the general UK population is needed for comparison with levels in UK military and ex-military personnel who served where munitions containing depleted uranium (DU) were used. As preparation, this pilot study trialled the process of collecting 24-h samples from adult male civilians, and compared the measurements from 24-h samples with those from spot samples taken over the subsequent 24h. The purpose was to assess the relative utility of the two types of samples. Twenty-five convalescent hospital in-patients were recruited as participants. Uranium concentrations in the 24-h samples ranged from 1 to 10.6 ng l(-1); in the spots, from not detectable to 38.1 ng l(-1). Normalised to creatinine, concentrations in the 24h samples ranged from approximately 100 to 800 ng mol(-1) creatinine; in the spot samples, from not detectable to approximately 4000 ng mol(-1) creatinine. The ranges appear similar to those reported for residents of the US. The distribution of spot sample results indicated that 95% of a participant's creatinine-adjusted concentrations from spot samples would be within the range 40-250% of his mean. Adjusting for creatinine almost entirely eliminated a slight indication of diurnal variation in urinary uranium concentration in spot samples. All the 24-h samples and 131 out of the 133 spot samples showed ratios of isotopes (238)U to (235)U consistent with natural uranium (i.e. neither enriched nor depleted). Slightly elevated ratios in two spot samples were not supported by other samples from the same participants, indicating that slightly elevated ratios may be recorded on very low concentration (<1 ng l(-1)) samples. In the main, quantification of this isotope ratio from spot samples was only slightly more variable than from 24-h samples. Complete 24-h urine samples gave better precision than spot samples in estimating uranium concentrations at these low levels, but presented more logistic difficulties in the collection of the samples. Clarification of the relative merits of alternative sampling strategies enables the design of a wider study to be optimised.     

染氡大鼠和铀矿工靶细胞p16基因甲基化研究

目的探讨p16基因甲基化与氡子体累积暴露剂量的关系。方法雄性Wistar大鼠20只,随机分成4组,最低剂量组暴露于普通环境中,低、中、高剂量组整体暴露于多功能生态氡室,氡子体累积暴露剂量分别达1、27、54和111工作水平月(WLM)。91名氡职业暴露工人按氡子体累积暴露剂量分为高(>120WLM)、中(60～120WLM)、低(30～59WLM)和最低(2～29WLM)4个剂量组,用聚合酶链反应-甲基化特异性(MSP)检测4组人群痰细胞和大鼠支气管上皮细胞p16基因甲基化。结果当染氡剂量达到111WLM,大鼠支气管上皮细胞出现p16基因甲基化。在铀矿工中,随着氡子体累积暴露剂量增加,痰细胞p16基因甲基化率呈上升趋势(0.00%～20.00%,P<0.01)。结论大鼠支气管上皮细胞和铀矿工痰细胞p16基因甲基化可能与氡子体累积暴露剂量有关。     

煤矿粉尘接触和人群干眼症发生的观察

目的:通过研究在井下作业的煤矿工人的眼表疾病发生情况,探讨煤尘接触与干眼症的关系。方法:借助于检测泪腺分泌功能的Schirmer实验、评估泪膜稳定性的泪膜破裂时间(BUT)以及泪液溶菌酶含量的测定来观察煤矿粉尘对眼表的影响。结果:井下工人的3项指标均低于矿区的井上工人,并与工龄呈负相关。结论:井下工人的眼表情况较差,而井上工人眼表情况良好,与煤尘接触具有诱发干眼症的危险。     

尿铀监测在内照射个人剂量估算中的应用

目的 探讨尿铀监测估算内照射个人剂量的适用条件,为核工业职业卫生管理和核燃料单位开展尿铀监测提供参考。方法 使用模拟计算的方法,分别推导了急性和慢性摄入铀化合物,致个人有效剂量分别为1 mSv/次和1 mSv/年时的尿铀水平,并以某厂无职业接触史职工上岗前尿铀监测结果为例,分析尿铀监测用于个人剂量估算的适用条件。结果 对于急性摄入的特殊监测,使用液体荧光法尿铀监测可以满足F类铀化合物、M类低浓铀和S类天然铀的探测限要求;对于常规监测,在监测周期较短时,仅F类低浓铀和M类天然铀可以满足探测限的要求,S类铀化合物不适宜将尿铀作为常规监测。结论 尿铀监测用于内照射个人剂量监测的评价或结果解释时,需考虑尿中铀本底含量的影响及监测方法的探测限要求。     

Lung transplantation in patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis

Patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) can develop chronic respiratory failure and require lung transplantation. A retrospective review was performed of the 712 referrals and 143 patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral lung transplantation at the University of Kentucky Medical Center between January 1999 and July 2009. Twenty-one of the 712 referrals (3%) had a diagnosis of CWP with eight patients eventually undergoing lung transplant (six single, two bilateral). The mean age of the cohort was 53 ± 5 (mean ± SD) yr (range 45-59). There was no increased risk of perioperative or postoperative complications. Six patients (75%) remain alive after a mean follow-up of 1013 ± 857 d with the two deaths attributable to sepsis 683 and 145 d after transplant, respectively. There were no pulmonary complications because of the native lung in patients after a single lung transplant, with otherwise good clinical outcomes seen after lung transplantation.     

Expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 in lymphocytes and plasma in healthy workers and coal miners with lung cancer

In coal mines, main occupational hazard is coal-mine dust, which can cause health problem including coal workers' pneumoconiosis and lung cancer. Some heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been reported as an acute response to a wide variety of stressful stimuli. Whether Hsps protect against chronic environmental coal-mine dust over years is unknown. It is also interesting to know that whether the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 proteins as a marker for exposure is associated risk of lung cancer among coal miners. ...     

大同某矿区煤矿工人慢性阻塞性肺疾病和肺心病的现状分析

目的调查大同某矿区煤矿工人的慢性阻塞性肺疾病和肺心病的患病率及其危险因素。方法采用单纯随机抽样方法抽取大同煤矿集团公司下属煤矿的工人5 740名,对所有入选工人进行问卷调查和肺功能检测,凡肺功能检查FEV1/FVC<70%和FEV1<80%预测值,且气流受限不完全可逆的诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病,对所有肺功能检测异常者行X线正位胸片及12导联心电图检查,根据1980年全国肺心病诊断标准诊断慢性肺原性心脏病。结果实际调查5 168人,慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患病率为7.7%,肺心病患病率1.04%,慢性阻塞性肺疾病和肺心病的患病率井下工人8.5%和1.26%,井上工人5.8%和0.53%。结论煤矿工人的慢性阻塞性肺疾病和肺心病患病率高于一般人群,井下工人的患病率高于井上工人,影响患病的危险因素有年龄、工龄、工作环境、吸烟、经济状况、卫生知识的掌握和是否遵守劳动纪律,在上述疾病防治策略中应努力改善煤矿工人的工作生活环境和加强工人的健康教育。