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The long-term cost of effective management for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains an important issue in pharmacoeconomics because about 25% of men aged 50 yr and older experience voiding problems due to BPH. With the ageing population and the increase in the percentage of patients with BPH for whom any type of treatment can be considered, a substantial increase in total costs to society can be expected. The up-front costs of interventional approaches to BPH are being replaced by a pattern of long-term medical and preventive therapy. The age-adjusted rate of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) reached a high point in 1987 and TURP rates, but not costs, have been in decline ever since. Mean 1-yr treatment costs (medical therapy and TURP) have been estimated in a pan-European study to be 858 Euros per patient, 75% of which were medication costs. Using a 2-yr time frame for treatment, Medicare costs for finasteride, terazosin, and TURP have been estimated as $3874, $2161, and $1820, respectively. The available models of the total long-term cost for all therapies for BPH remain compromised by a lack of inclusion of indirect costs, the lack of true long-term data and, critically, the lack of human cost information (patient preference). Only medical therapy provides a preventive as well as symptomatic potential and, if all of the issues were fully incorporated, it is likely that medical therapy would be increasingly recognised as economically preferable. 相似文献
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申秀敏 《中国医学检验杂志》2006,7(6):420-421
[目的]探讨各型肝炎的感染率。[方法]研究对象为我院住院及门诊患者,共计4110例。采用微粒子酶免分析法(MEIA)及酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)进行肝炎分型(甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、庚肝)检测。[结果]4110例受检者中,单纯乙肝感染者133例,占3.24%;单纯丙肝感染者134例,占3.26%;单纯戊肝感染者2例,占0.05%;乙肝合并丙肝感染者3例,占0.07%;丙肝合并戊肝感染者1例,占0.02%;HAV、HDV、HGV无一例感染,感染率为0。另外,男性受检者2088人,乙肝感染者88人,占4.21%;丙肝感染者48人,占2.30%;女性受检者2022人,乙肝感染45人,占2.23%;丙肝感染86人,占4.25%。[结论]除丙肝外,各型感染率均低于全国平均感染率,与相关资料报道相差甚远。乙肝及丙肝仍以单纯感染多见。另,本组资料还显示,男性较女性更易感染乙肝病毒,而女性感染丙肝者远远高于男性,对于丙肝感染的性别差异,尚无报道,需进一步探讨。 相似文献
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AIMS: To establish all-cause and cause-specific death rates, and risk factors for mortality in insulin-treated diabetic individuals living in the province of Canterbury, New Zealand. METHODS: Insulin-treated diabetic subjects (n = 995) on the Canterbury Diabetes Registry were followed up over 15 years and vital status determined. Death rates were standardized and hazard regression was used to model the effects of demographic covariates on relative survival time. RESULTS: There were 419 deaths in 11 226.3 person-years of follow-up with a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-2.2). Relative mortality was greatest for the group aged 0-29 years (SMR 3.0 (95% CI 2.4-3.7)). After controlling for diabetes duration and gender, a 10-year increment in age of onset was associated with a 33% decrease in relative hazard (95% CI 29-36%), indicating that excess mortality due to diabetes declines with rising age of onset. After controlling for age of onset and gender, each 10-year increment in duration of diabetes is associated with a 26% decrease in relative hazard (95% CI 24-29%), indicating that with longer survival the mortality hazard approaches the general population hazard. Relative mortalities were increased for cardiovascular, renal and respiratory disease, but not malignancy. Relative mortality from acute metabolic complications was increased in the subgroup with age of onset of diabetes < 30 years and requiring insulin within 1 year of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rates are high for insulin-treated diabetic individuals relative to the general population. 相似文献
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IIEF-5与NEVA检测在阴茎勃起功能障碍诊断中的意义 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
目的探讨应用国际勃起功能评分5(IIEF-5)问卷表结合夜间阴茎勃起测定系统(NEVA)筛选勃起功能障碍(ED)的可行性及意义。方法148例门诊ED病人,应用IIEF-5问卷表评分,再通过NEVA测定仪监测夜间阴茎勃起情况,次日数据输入主机回放并分析。结果93例为心理性ED;在19~69岁的5个年龄组中,重度ED的比例由11.8%到55.0%,NEVA中度异常者IIEF积分(12.98±2.58)分,NEVA重度异常者IIEF积分(7.32±1.04)分。结论NEVA能有效地鉴别心理性与器质性ED,IIEF-5评分值与NEVA检测阴茎勃起时血容量变化值有相关性。IIEF-5与NEVA检测结合,能提高诊断和评估ED的可靠性。 相似文献
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