热带病防控人员全球卫生知识现状及培训需求调查

以中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病预防控制所2016年8月至2017年4月举办的3次热带病预防控制主题会议(培训班)的参会人员为调查对象,采用自填式问卷调查的方法收集信息,使用SPSS 20.0软件对数据进行统计分析。共发放问卷256份,获得有效问卷241份。从未听说过全球卫生概念者占14.5%(35/241),虽听说过但不太了解者占82.6%(199/241),熟悉者仅2.9%(7/241)。调查对象对流行病学与卫生统计学知识的熟悉程度显著高于全球卫生(P<0.01)。全球卫生基本概念的正确理解占比为42.7%(103/241),≤35岁组的正确理解占比为53.8%(56/104),>35岁组为34.3%(47/137),二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。97.1%(233/240)的调查对象表示有意愿参加全球卫生培训,培训内容需求排名前3的分别为疾病防控策略和技术,实验检测、诊断和研发技术,卫生管理知识;能力提升需求排名前3的分别为全球卫生视野、疾病防控经验和调查分析能力。培训方式以现场教学为主,采用教师学员互动教学模式,多聘用国外卫生系统师资。我国热带病防控人员对全球卫生知识的了解程度不容乐观,需要加强全球卫生培训和能力建设。     

血液透析滤过联合血液灌流治疗重度鱼胆中毒15例分析

目的 探讨血液透析滤过(HDF)联合血液灌流(HP)治疗重度鱼胆中毒的疗效.方法 15例鱼胆中毒患者常规内科治疗后,均在中毒后前2天应用HDF串联HP,2d后继续HDF治疗,对其疗效进行分析.结果 经治疗中毒临床症状完全消失,肝、肾功能等各项临床指标均正常,15例患者均痊愈.结论 HDF联合HP治疗重度鱼胆中毒效果可靠、抢救成功率高.     

Assessment of lifestyle effect on oxidative stress biomarkers in free‐living elderly in rural Japan

Background: Oxidative stress is believed to play a crucial role in aging and age‐related diseases, and is widely thought to increase morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Assessment of biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as 8‐isoprostane and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine, are considered to be useful in predicting disease risks at the population level. Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the health status of the elderly by comparing their lifestyles and levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. Methods: We carried out a cross‐sectional study where urine samples from a total of 100 elderly men and women were assayed for 8‐isoprostane, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine, selenium, cadmium and creatinine. They were asked to answer a questionnaire that included questions about their lifestyle. Results: Most of the participants were prehypertensive, non‐alcohol users and on a rich plant‐based diet. There were no differences in any biomarkers of oxidative stress between men and women. 8‐Isoprostane was found to correlate positively with systolic blood pressure in women, but not in men. There was a slight increase of 8‐isoprostane in participants with a poor intake of vegetables, and a decrease of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine in participants who consumed fish. Multiple regression analysis showed that oxidative stress biomarkers were positively associated with cadmium, and negatively associated with selenium and fish intake in all participants, 89% of which were non‐smokers. Conclusion: Results from the present study show that fish intake has the potential of decreasing oxidative stress among elderly persons. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 547–554.     

Penetrating injury of the cornea by a barbed fish hook and its surgical management by “Cut-it out technique”

Fishing is a worldwide pastime enjoyed by millions of people. Ocular fishing injuries though uncommon may cause potentially devastating ocular trauma. We report a rare case of penetrating injury of the cornea by a barbed fish hook and its successful surgical management by “cut-it out technique”. We are discussing the various techniques available for removal of fish hooks. The hook can be successfully removed with minimal trauma to ocular structures by understanding the structure of the fish hook and by employing the appropriate method of extraction.     

In vitro evaluation of the metabolic stability of nine fragrance chemicals in trout and human hepatocytes

In vitro metabolic stability of nine fragrance chemicals: p-tolyl acetate, cashmeran, ethylene brassylate, celestolide, galaxolide, traseolide, ambretone, tonalide and pentadecanolide, was evaluated in trout and human hepatocytes. The compounds were incubated with trout hepatocytes at 12°C and human hepatocytes at 37°C. Quantification of compound disappearance with time was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in vivo hepatic intrinsic clearance values were calculated from the in vitro data. Significant metabolism was observed with trout hepatocytes for five of the nine fragrance chemicals, while all nine were metabolized significantly with human hepatocytes. Previously published models were used to examine expected bioaccumulation and persistence in whole organisms. Calculated half-lives due to metabolism of the nine chemicals are significantly shorter for humans than trout: <1 hour and <1 day, respectively. For all chemicals with demonstrated hepatic metabolism, the models indicate a lack of accumulation. For those where metabolism was demonstrated in trout, calculated bioconcentration factors would not be classified as bioaccumulative under prevailing regulatory systems.     

Does Periconceptional Fish Consumption by Parents Affect the Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intelligence Deficiency? A Case-control Study in Tianjin,China

Objective This study aimed to explore the association between periconceptional fish consumption by parents and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intelligence deficiency (ID). Methods A case-control study was conducted through a questionnaire with 108 ASD cases, 79 ID cases, and 108 controls. The ASD and ID cases were students from special educational schools in Tianjin from 2012 to 2014. The age- and sex-matched controls were from a high school, three primary schools, and a kindergarten in Tianjin. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results Paternal habit of eating hairtail before fertilization, maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy, and maternal habit of eating grass carp during pregnancy were preventive factors for ASD. Paternal habit of drinking alcohol before fertilization was a risk factor for ID, whereas maternal preference for fruits during pregnancy and maternal habit of eating crucian carp during pregnancy were protective factors for ID. Conclusion Parental fish consumption is beneficial for the prevention of ASD and ID. Meanwhile, the protective effects of fish consumption on ASD and ID differ. More attention should be paid to the combined effect of other food when eating fish.     

Mercury,omega-3 fatty acids,and seafood intake are not associated with heart rate variability or QT interval

Mercury (Hg), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations differ across seafood types. Our aim was to investigate the association of Hg, EPA, and DHA, as well as avid consumption of diverse seafood types, with cardiovascular variables heart rate variability (HRV) and QT interval duration (QTc) in a contemporary population. We measured HRV and QTc by Holter monitor, EPA and DHA in plasma, total Hg in whole blood, and possible confounders in 94 avid seafood consumers from Long Island, NY. Participants had mean Hg of 8.4 mcg/L, mean EPA of 1.2%, and mean DHA of 3.7% of total fatty acids. Adjusted for possible confounders, EPA+DHA, Hg, and total seafood consumption were not associated with HRV or QTc. Associations with consumption of specific seafood types were suggested (eg, tuna steak with QTc and anchovies with HRV) but require verification.     

Dietary intake in people consuming a low‐carbohydrate diet in the UK Biobank

Background

Low‐carbohydrate diets are becoming increasingly popular, although their dietary quality outside of clinical studies is unknown. A previous study analysed the dietary intake in people consuming a reduced‐carbohydrate diet (<40% calories). However, it is not clear what foods people consume when carbohydrate is reduced to below 26% of total calories.

Methods

In the present cross‐sectional study, the dietary and nutrient intake collected via up to five consecutive 24‐h dietary recalls and a food frequency questionnaire of 444 individuals (aged 46‐79 years) consuming <26% of calories from carbohydrate (LCHO ) was compared with that of 131 897 individuals consuming ≥45% calories from carbohydrate (NCHO ) using the UK Biobank Dataset. Absolute cut‐offs to define the low‐carbohydrate group (<130 g day^–1; n  = 1953 versus ≥225 g day^–1, n  = 113 036) were also used.

Results

Both NCHO (>45% calories and ≥225 g) groups consumed significantly more high‐sugar, high‐fat snacks [median 6.0, interquartile range (IQR ) = 2.0–11.0 and median 6.0, IQR  = 3.0–11.8, respectively) compared to the LCHO (<26% calories and <130 g) groups (median 0, IQR  = 0–2.8 and median 1, IQR  = 0–3.8, respectively) (P  < 0.0001). Both LCHO groups reported consuming significantly more red meat, oily fish, nuts and seeds but fewer fruits, vegetables and pulses compared to the NCHO groups. In general, the consumption of oily fish, nuts, seeds and pulses was low across the whole cohort and differences in intake between the LCHO and NCHO groups were small. After adjusting for socio‐economic status, most differences remained.

Conclusions

Carbohydrate restriction is associated with both beneficial and potentially deleterious dietary changes compared to a normal carbohydrate intake.

     

A clinical sickness score for the critically ill in Central Africa

Scoring systems provide a means for comparing results, ensuring consistent standards and evaluating changes in therapy. The APACHE II system depends partly on the results of laboratory tests which are not normally available in Central Africa. The aim of this study was to develop a scoring system based only on clinical observations. Six hundred and twenty-four consecutive admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) were allocated a clinical sickness score (CSS) according to pulse rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, urine output, Glasgow Coma Scale, temperature and age. CSS was significantly associated with outcome, there being no significant difference between actual and predicted outcomes calculated by logistic regression analysis. There was a significant difference between mean scores for survivors and non-survivors in all diagnostic groups except diabetes. The proportional change in score from admission was also significantly associated with outcome on each subsequent day in ICU. The CSS provides an objective measure of illness severity for critically ill patients in Africa.     

A subchronic in situ exposure method for evaluating effects in small‐bodied fish at contaminated sites

In situ fish‐caging studies at contaminated sites can provide information that is more realistic compared to traditional laboratory‐based studies. However, few methods have been developed for exposing sentinel fish species for subchronic durations, and fewer still are optimized for exposing small‐bodied fish while maintaining fish health and growth throughout the caging trial. Those methods typically lack a feeding regimen during the fish caging trial. While that may be acceptable or even appropriate for typical short‐term toxicity testing, it does limit the duration of the exposure, and may not be suitable when post‐caging trials or observations are necessary. Returning healthy fish to the lab following the in situ exposure would be important, for example, in studies designed to examine long‐term or multigenerational effects following an in situ exposure. In this article we describe a subchronic method for caging small fish at contaminated sites while maintaining growth and reproductive development. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were caged in situ for 6 weeks, after which time they were returned to the lab where they were evaluated for health and reproductive performance. Growth and reproductive endpoints revealed no adverse effect on fish due to fish caging and related handling, demonstrating the suitability of our caging and feeding method for long‐term caging studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 54–63, 2014.