Research utilization models: frameworks for implementing evidence-based occupational therapy practice

Evidence-based practice is an important step in the professional evolution of occupational therapy and also provides the means for state-of-the-art innovative clinical service for clients. An essential step in incorporating innovations and developments into clinical practice is through research utilization. Nine models of research utilization developed in the literature are reviewed and critiqued. These are: (1) the Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project; (2) the Stetler-Marram Model; (3) the University of North Carolina Approach; (4) the Innovation Diffusion Process Model; (5) Killeen's Matrix of Research Activity; (6) the Iowa Model of Research In Practice; (7) the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education In Nursing Project; (8) the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Project; and (9) the Linkage Model. Research utilization models provide a framework for collaboration and the necessary conditions for research utilization activities to be successful. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.     

白求恩医科大学十年科研项目概况分析

对白求恩医科大学１９８８－１９９７年间各顷主管部门批准的科研项目及经费情况进行了分析,并与国内其它９所部属院校１９８８－１９９７年间获准国家自然科学基金情况进行了比较。     

Intergenerational change in sex behavior: A belated look at Kinsey's males

This article replicates for Kinsey's male sample the decade-of-birth analyses provided in the Kinsey female volume. Five generations of male respondents are compared in terms of total frequency of sexual activity, and frequency and incidence of nine specific categories of sexual behavior. In general, unmarried males born after 1900 experienced more frequent sexual outlet than did nineteenth-century males. Additionally, the proportion of total outlet devoted to various specific activities varied by birth decade. Solitary masturbation rose somewhat spectacularly in significance with the passing decades, while nocturnal emissions and animal contacts declined. Orgasms provided by heterosexual activities increased slightly for the early twentieth-century generations, but then declined to a point below their nineteenth-century levels. Although homosexual contacts accounted for a constant percentage of total outlet for unmarried males over the five generations, more males in each succeeding generation were actively engaging in homosexual activity, at least on a casual basis. Similarly, although heterosexual contacts accounted for a smaller percentage of all activity among the unmarried in later generations, more of the later-born males had engaged in such activity at least once. For married males, on the other hand, frequency of total outlet was unaffected by generation. A large and stable proportion of this outlet was provided by marital coitus. Although more males in later generations had experienced extramarital contacts, such activities accounted for a small and reasonably stable proportion of total outlet, when frequency of occurrence was considered. Masturbation gained in significance, while nocturnal emissions and homosexual contacts declined, and animal contacts among the married were almost nonexistent in all generations.     

Can a community development model be used for health programmes in an industrialized country?

Injury resulting from accident is a serious public health problem in Sweden, as it is in the rest of the world. Theoretically, almost all incidents can be prevented. However, in practice, injury-prevention is a complex problem. A community-level intervention programme for prevention of accidents was developed in the municipality of Sollentuna, Stockholm County. The primary strategy has been to involve the community through representatives as well as through local organizations and groups. Project organization has been built up in cooperation with the municipal primary health-care department, local authorities, voluntary organizations and citizen agencies. A common opinion is that it is the actual process in a community programme which is important, that alters the type of involvement from a ‘top-down’ to a ‘bottom-up’ approach. Can a local community take over responsibility for running such a programme which has been initiated by an external authority or organization? We think that, at least for Swedish circumstances, the community development approach is far too optimistic in its expectation that community members should and can stay actively involved in programme decisions. Based on our experience, it does not seem possible to maintain a broad self-sustained programme solely with input from community members.     

“罗晃子”名实考辨

通过研究古今文献及对实物考察,认为古代所称“罗晃子”应该是梧桐科植物苹婆Sterculia nobilis的果实,而不是豆科植物酸角Tamarindus indica。建议不应再将“罗晃子”收作酸角的别名,“Tamarindus”当称为“酸豆属”,而不是“罗望子属”,以澄清“罗晃子”的名实混乱。     

当归对大鼠免疫性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 研究当归对免疫性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用。方法 采用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)致大鼠免疫肝损伤模型,观察当归大、小剂量对其肝功能、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及肝细胞膜功能的影响。结果当归尤其是小刘量当归具有明显提高肝细胞SOD、降低MDA(P<0.05).并提高肝细胞膜ATP酶(ATPase)活性(P<0.05)的作用。结论提示当归具有明显的抗肝损伤作用.机制可能与其抗脂质过氧化作用及改善肝细胞功能有关。     

药事管理学科科研问题及对策浅析

分析当前我国药事管理学科科研中存在的问题和原因。提出发展科研的思路与方法。