Accessory cardiac bronchus and tracheal bronchus anomalies: CT-bronchoscopy and CT-bronchography findings

Most common developmental anomalies of bronchial tree include accessory cardiac bronchus (ACB) and tracheal bronchus (TB). Minor bronchial anomalies include variants of TB, displaced segmental bronchi, and bronchial agenesis. We present CT-bronchoscopy and CT-bronchography findings of three cases with either ACB or TB. Recognition of these anomalies is important, as associated clinical complications, including recurrent episodes of infection, hemoptysis, and perhaps malignancies may be anticipated in a small percentage of patients.     

罗库溴铵与七氟烷用于气管插管的麻醉效果对比分析

目的 对比罗库溴铵与七氟烷用于气管插管全麻中的效果。方法 选取2017年7月~12月我院108例行气管插管全麻的手术患者,采用随机数字表法分为实验组和参照组,各54例。实验组予以罗库溴铵进行麻醉,参照组予以七氟烷进行麻醉,对比两组患者的插管条件评分、平均动脉压及心率。结果 实验组患者的插管条件评分为（5.21±0.52）分,优于参照组的（7.85±0.83）分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。实验组患者的MAP及HR波动范围小于参照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 在气管插管全身麻醉中选用罗库溴铵,插管条件优于七氟烷,且罗库溴铵对患者的血流动力学影响较小。     

The preventive effects of natural adjuvants,G2 and G2F on tracheal responsiveness and serum IL-4 and IFN-γ (th1/th2 balance) in sensitized guinea pigs

OBJECTIVE:

The effects of natural adjuvants on lung inflammation and tracheal responsiveness were examined in sensitized guinea pigs.

METHODS:

The responses of guinea pig tracheal chains and the serum levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma were examined in control pigs and three other groups of guinea pigs: the sensitized group and two other sensitized groups treated with either adjuvant G2 or adjuvant G2F (n = 7 for each group). Sensitization of the animals was achieved by injection and inhalation of ovalbumin.

RESULTS:

The results showed that sensitized animals had increased tracheal responsiveness and increased serum levels of interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma compared to controls (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatments with either G2 or G2F prevented the increase in tracheal responsiveness and serum interleukin-4 (p<0.01 to p<0.001). However, the serum levels of interferon-gamma and the interleukin-4-to-interferon-gamma ratio was increased in the treated groups (p<0.001 for all cases).

CONCLUSIONS:

These results indicate important preventive effects of two natural adjuvants, particularly G2, on the changes in tracheal responsiveness, serum cytokines and the interleukin-4-to-interferon-gamma ratio (T helper 1/T helper 2 balance) in sensitized guinea pigs.     

Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Findings of Bilateral Tracheal Bronchus

A newborn male was admitted with cyanosis and respiratory distress. Echocardiography showed a right heart isomerism associated with a single right ventricle, a double-outlet right ventricle, and pulmonary atresia. Chest X-ray demonstrated severe left upper lobe emphysema and a shift of the mediastinal structures to the right. Two-dimensional computed tomography (CT) exhibited left upper lobe emphysema and right upper lobe atelectasis. Three-dimensional (3D) spiral CT angiography showed a bilateral tracheal bronchus. The left tracheal bronchus branch was compressed between the descending aorta and the ductus arteriosus. After a right arteriopulmonary shunt operation, the patient’s respiratory condition improved dramatically, with spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus. Subsequently, 3D-CT clearly exhibited the disappearance of tracheal compression. This combination of bilateral tracheal bronchus and congenital heart anomaly is extremely rare. The 3D-CT is a powerful noninvasive means for dynamically demonstrating the special relationships of arterial and tracheal anomalies.     

先天性心脏病合并气管狭窄气管支架置入后取出指征探讨

方法 比较分析CHD合并气管狭窄气管支架置入后尚留和取出病例的临床资料。结果 9例置入气管支架患儿均为重度气道狭窄,置入气管支架为乐普（北京）公司生产的血管金属支架（PARTNER),其中尚留气管支架的4例患儿,平均年龄13.75个月,平均体重8.70 kg,随访支气管镜检查均未发现肉芽组织增生,镜下气管支架支撑良好;5例患儿于气管支架置入68～96 d 后取出,平均年龄48个月,平均体重4.96 kg。气管支架取出后发现支架支撑处并未塌陷,不影响患儿通气功能,取出气管支架完整,随访10～11个月,气道未见再阻塞及其他并发症,未出现需要再次置入气管支架的情况和死亡病例。在复习文献的基础上提出气管支架取出指征：①在良好的随访体系下气管支架置入2~3个月;②经支气管镜证实无肉芽组织增生,CT及其三维气道重建显示气道通畅;③临床无呼吸困难表现及感染征象,血气分析示无肺通、换气功能异常,X线胸片正常,超声心动图检查示心脏功能正常;④支气管镜下能清楚显示气管支架边界,且整个张开的支架位于气道表面并未上皮化;⑤支气管镜下钳夹住气管支架后,轻轻上下小幅推拉,镜下证实可以松动与气道紧密粘贴的支架。结论 对于小婴儿气管支架取出从长远角度来看是最佳选择,在良好的随访体系下,在不影响患儿生命质量的前提下,CHD合并气管狭窄气管支架置入2～3个月后取出安全可行。     

Regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced calcium mobilization by cAMP-elevating agents in cultured canine tracheal smooth muscle cells

The effects of increases in cellular adenosine 3′5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) on 5-hydroxytryptamine-(5-HT-) induced generation of inositol phosphates (IPs) and increases in intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) were investigated using canine cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells (TSMCs). Cholera toxin and forskolin induced concentration- and time-dependent cAMP formation with half-maximal effects (−logEC₅₀) produced at concentrations of 7.0 ± 0.5 and 4.9 ± 0.4  respectively. Pretreatment of TSMCs with either forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP inhibited 5-HT-stimulated responses. Even after treatment for 24h, these agents still inhibited the 5-HT-induced Ca²⁺ mobilization. The inhibitory effects of these agents produced both depression of the maximal response and a shift to the right of the concentration response curves of 5-HT. The water-soluble forskolin analogue L-858051 [7-deacetyl-7β-(γ-N-methylpiperazino)-butyryl forskolin] significantly inhibited the 5-HT-stimulated accumulation of IPs. In contrast, the addition of 1,9-dideoxy forskolin, an inactive forskolin analogue, had little effect on this response. Moreover, SQ-22536 [9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9-H-purin-6-amine], an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, and both H-89 [N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide] and HA-1004[N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide], inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), attenuated the ability of forskolin to inhibit the 5-HT-stimulated accumulation of IPs. These results suggest that activation of cAMP/PKA was involved in these inhibitory effects of forskolin. The AlF₄ ⁻-induced accumulation of IPs was inhibited by forskolin, suggesting that G protein(s) are directly activated by AlF₄ ⁻- and uncoupled from phospholipase C by forskolin treatment. These results suggest that activation of cAMP/PKA might inhibit the 5-HT-stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown and consequently reduce the [Ca²⁺]_i increase or inhibit both responses independently. Received: 14 March 1996/Accepted: 10 April 1996     

氟尿嘧啶引起大鼠气管损伤修复过程中干细胞的定位

目的 气管干细胞的原位观察。方法 使用5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)造成大鼠离体气管环的严重损伤,采用光镜、PCNA免疫组织化学,以及Hoechst33342染色观察气管黏膜的修复过程。结果 5-Fu作用12h后,气管上皮脱落,可见少量间隔分布的类似裸核的细胞呈钉状位于基底膜上,PCNA染色阴性(Go期细胞),其中少数细胞Hoechst33342染色阴性。去除5-FU6h后,气管黏膜由扁平上皮覆盖;48h后,气管环恢复假复层纤毛柱状上皮。结论 5-Fu能杀死处于细胞周期的气管上皮细胞,对Go期细胞作用很小,残留于基底膜上的裸核样的Go期细胞中含有干细胞,其Hoechst33342染色阴性,并具有排出荧光染料的能力,正是这些细胞的增殖分化,修复了损伤的气管环。     

异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损13例

目的 探讨异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复甲状腺癌切除术后气管缺损的可行性。方法 甲状腺癌侵犯气管患者13例经甲状腺肿瘤切除、颈部淋巴结清扫、气管部分切除术,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损。结果 术后随访36~53个月,11例患者气管腔无肉芽生长,管腔光滑,顺利拔管;2例拔管失败,气管内肉芽形成感染1例,气管修复处内陷1例。结论 累及气管的甲状腺癌患者,可根据肿瘤切除后气管缺损范围,选择适当病例,以异种脱细胞真皮基质修复膜修复气管缺损,保障气道通畅。