小儿内源性气管支气管异物

内源性气管支气管异物是指气管、支气管内所产生的异物,如：伪膜、血块、痰痂、结石、干酪样坏死组织及肉芽等。小儿内源性异物临床上仍时有发生,应引起临床医师的关注。自1990-2003年我院共治疗18例,报道如下。     

Using three-dimensional visualization as an optimal tool to plan and validate an aortopexy in a congenital heart disease patient with severe tracheal stenosis

We present a patient with severe tracheal stenosis resulting from a compression by the innominate artery 6 months after an arterial switch operation in a dextro-transposition of the great arteries. Segmentation and three-dimensional (3D) visualization were derived from a contrast-enhanced dual-source computed tomography and post-processing was performed using a dedicated open-source platform (3D Slicer). Post-processing allowed a comprehensible visualization of the relationship of the innominate artery to the trachea when compared to standard computer tomography reformations. Finally, the surgical approach to move the innominate artery anteriorly in order to relieve the tracheal obstruction was emphasized based on the improved 3D visualization of the actual pathology. An effective aortopexy could be performed and the postoperative result was confirmed by a second 3D visualization. About 3 months of follow-up, the patient is completely asymptomatic. Three-dimensional visualization offers excellent opportunities for diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up in patients with a vascular-related tracheal stenosis in the context of congenital heart disease.     

术前连接气管插管下体位摆放的改进与护理

目的减少体位变动过程中增加气道阻力,防止术后麻醉恢复过程中气道损伤。方法将临床60例体位翻动患者按照体位翻动变化过程分为平卧搬动、侧卧搬动、俯卧搬动3阶段,分别比较改进前后体位移动时动态阻力变化隋况,比较改进前后体位移动后管道移位率及麻醉后护理评分。结果改进前后平卧搬动、侧卧搬动、俯卧搬动阶段分别比较体位移动前后安全纬度动态阻力、麻醉后护理评分及咽通气道使用率,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论术前连接气管插管下改进体位摆放方法可增加安全纬度,减少口咽通气道使用率。     

Critical importance of tracheal tube cuff pressure management

The ideal range for tracheal tube cuff pressures is usually taken to be between 20 to 30 cm H2 O. This is easily measured with a cuff pressure manometer and should be measured in each instance. The importanceof tracheal tube cuff pressures is highlighted by the spectrum of airway complications that can occur with incorrect cuff pressures. High cuff pressures can result in complications ranging from sore throat and hoarseness to tracheal stenosis, necrosis, and even rupture. In such cases, the postulated causative factor is diminished blood flow to tracheal mucosa due to excessive cuff pressure on the tracheal wall. This hypothesized ischemic injury then produces healing fibrosis months or even years later. On the other hand, cuff pressures that are too low place the patient at risk for aspiration of gastric contents and consequently, aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia. This is why the authors recommend that cuff pressures be measured following all intubations.     

气管软骨蠕变实验的研究

以蠕变的方法研究气管软骨的蠕变特性,为研究新型人工气管材料和临床气管损伤移植提供气管软骨的蠕变特性参数。以电子万能试验机对10个人尸体气管软骨试样进行蠕变实验,蠕变实验应力增加速度为0.05 GPa/min,实验温度为36.5±1℃,设定实验时间7 200 s,采集100个实验数据,以归一化分析的方法处理实验数据。结果表明,气管软骨7 200 s应变上升了9.6%,气管软骨蠕变曲线是以指数关系变化的。本实验人气管软骨和以往报道的犬气管软骨具有不同的的蠕变特性。     

LMAsupreme^TM喉罩与气管插管静脉全麻在腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术中的应用

目的：探讨LMAsupreme ^TM喉罩和气管插管静脉全麻两种方法用于腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术时对患者血流动力学、呼吸参数变化及术中术后不良反应发生率的影响,评估LMAsupreme^TM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用的安全性及优越性。方法：选择腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术患者40例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分成2组,即LMAsupreme^TM喉罩组（s组）和气管插管组（T组）,每组20例。麻醉诱导后分别插入LMAsupreme^TM喉罩和气管插管,记录并比较两组在麻醉诱导前、喉罩和气管导管插入前即刻及插入后即刻、1min和5min时收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）。记录建立二氧化碳（CO2）气腹前、后和体位改变后气道平台压（Pplat）、气道峰压（Ppeak）;观察手术过程中返流误吸、术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳不良反应。结果：与T组比较,S组血流动力学平稳（P〈0．05）,呼吸参数稳定变化小（P〈0．05）,术中发生返流误吸无统计学差异,术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳显著减少（P〈0．05）。结论：LMAsupremeTM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用能达到与气管导管同样的通气效果,对麻醉过程中血流动力学、呼吸参数影响更小,术中术后不良反应显著减少,且操作简单、易学,与气管插管方法相比在临床应用有更好的安全性及优越性。     

带负压式牙刷刷牙法对气管插管患者口腔护理效果评价

目的探讨气管插管患者口腔护理的有效方法,提高护理质量,减少并发症的发生。方法采用对照研究的方式,将2013年1月至2014年6月间我院ICU收治的60例气管插管患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组施行负压式牙刷刷牙法,对照组施行常规口腔护理法。比较两组患者护理前后口腔细菌检测情况、口腔症状、pH值、呼吸机相关性肺炎、意外脱管、机械通气的时间以及患者的舒适度。结果观察组护理后即刻的细菌数、护理后2h、4h、6h的细菌数均少于对照组,5d牙菌斑率、口腔细菌阳性率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。观察组护理后的口腔溃疡、疱疹、口臭、呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率低于对照组,护理5 d时的口腔pH值高于对照组,机械通气时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。两组的舒适度差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论带负压式牙刷刷牙法能够有效清除气管插管患者的口腔细菌,预防感染的发生,优于传统的口腔护理方法。     

不同剂量右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼在成人清醒气管插管中应用研究

目的探讨不同剂量右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼在成人清醒气管插管中的应用。方法选取2011年3月至2013年3月行全麻手术患者36例,随机分为第一组、第二组和第三组,每组各12例。所有患者口腔、咽喉部表面麻醉后,静脉泵注0.8μg/kg右美托咪定的负荷剂量,第一组患者以0.25μg/(k·h)作为维持剂量,第二组患者以0.5μg/(k·h)作为维持剂量,第三组患者以1.0μg/(k·h)作为维持剂量。同时靶控输注瑞芬太尼4 ng/ml。当脑电双频指数(BIS)值小于55时,行气管插管。记录麻醉前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、插管完成后1 min(T2)、插管完成后5 min(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)、心率和BIS变化。观察插管前后心动过缓、呛咳、呼吸抑制和恶心的发生情况。结果各组患者MAP先下降后上升,且第三组患者T2、T3时间点MAP与同组T0时间点比较明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);第三组患者T1、T2、T3时间点Sp O2下降明显,与T0时间点比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);各组患者心率先下降后上升,BIS都出现不同程度的降低,第二组、第三组患者T2、T3时间点HR和BIS与同时间点的第一组比较明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);第三组患者心动过缓和呼吸抑制的发生率明显高于第一和第二组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 0.5μg/(k·h)作为维持剂量的右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼对成人清醒气管插管具有很好的麻醉效果,能获得稳定的血流动力学,且不良反应发生率低。     

Symmetrical bronchial pattern with normal atrial morphology

An infant with trisomy 21 and tracheostenosis is described. Postmortem findings included symmetrical bronchi, normal atrial arrangement (“situs”) and anomalous thoracic vessels. The lack of concordance between the bronchial morphology and atrial arrangement supports the premise that atrial morphology is a more accurate predictor of the presence or absence of the isomerism syndromes.