Follow up study of cow's milk protein intolerant infants

Over a period of 4 years, 88 infants with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) were followed prospectively in order to evaluate the persistence of CMPI and its relationship between either serum IgE levels or RAST results for cow's milk. After exclusion of lactose intolerance, two positive cow's milk elimination challenge tests were considered diagnostic for CMPI. At the age of 1, 2, 3 and 4 years respectively, 85%, 78%, 49% and 33% of the children still were cow's milk intolerant. Initial serum values of IgE 10 kU/l indicated a late development of tolerance to cow' milk proteins. At the age of 4 years, 90% of infants with initial IgE levels <10 k U/l had become tolerant to cow's milk while this was the case for only 47% of infants with initial IgE levels 10 k U/l. Initial RAST results for cow's milk bore no obvious relationship to outcome.     

Transplacental passage and breast milk concentrations of hydralazine

Summary The concentrations of real and apparent (= real hydralazine + acid-labile hydrazones) hydralazine in maternal and umbilical plasma obtained at delivery of 6 women treated with hydralazine and atenolol for pregnancy hypertension were measured by gas chromatography. In one of the patients, the concentrations of the same substances were subsequently measured in breast milk. Apparent hydralazine reached higher levels in umbilical than in maternal blood. The concentration of real hydralazine seemed to be at least as high in the fetus as in the mother. On the other hand, even though the fraction of real (i.e. presumably active) hydralazine was greater in milk than in plasma, the total concentration was smaller, and the estimated dose per milk feed of 75ml would not exceed 0.013mg. Thus, hydralazine treatment of the pregnant woman would expose her fetus to effective concentrations of the drug, but breast feeding would not result in a clinically relevant concentration in the infant.     

足月儿母乳淀粉酶活性动态变化

为了解我国足月儿母乳淀粉酶活性的动态变化规律,测定40例足月顺产儿乳母不同泌乳期及一次喂奶时前、中、后段乳及母血中淀粉酶的活性。结果显示初乳中淀粉酶活性为(9772.37±1.70)IU/L;随着泌乳期的延长,淀粉酶活性逐渐下降;一次喂奶前、中、后段乳中淀粉酶的活性差异无显著性意义;母乳淀粉酶98％为唾液型淀粉酶;母乳中淀粉酶活性高于母血100倍;产妇年龄与母乳淀粉酶活性无显著性相关。提示母乳中含有丰富的淀粉酶,对母乳喂养儿的淀粉消化和潜在的抗感染作用具有积极意义,应向广大群众大力提倡母乳喂养。     

Anaphylaxis to sheep's milk cheese in a child unaffected by cow's milk protein allergy

A 5-year-old atopic boy unaffected by cow's milk protein allergy experienced several anaphylactic reactions after eating food containing “pecorino” cheese made from sheep's milk. Prick-prick tests were strongly positive to sheep's buttermilk curd and `pecorino' sheep's cheese. Skin prick tests to fresh sheep's milk and to goat's milk were also positive, whereas they were negative to all cow's milk proteins, to whole pasteurized cow's milk and to cheese made from cow's milk. Specific IgE antibodies were negative to all cow's milk proteins. Conclusion Sheep's milk and cheese derived from sheep's milk may cause severe allergic reactions in children affected and, as we report, in children not affected by cow's milk protein allergy. Received: 14 January 1997 and in revised form: 20 June 1997 / Accepted: 8 July 1997     

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status and early growth of low birth weight infants

We correlated arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status with anthropometric measures and growth rates in a group of low birth weight infants (≤2500 g; gestational ages 30–41 weeks; n = 143). AA and DHA status were measured in erythrocytes (RBC) and plasma cholesterol esters (CE) during days 10 to 42. Infants received preterm formula without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP; n = 81), with LCP (n = 29) or maternal milk (n = 33). RBC AA contents on day 10 were correlated (P < 0.05) with birth weight in breast-fed infants and all formula-fed infants, with on day 10 a standard deviation score (SDS) for weight, length and occipito-frontal circumference in all formula-fed infants, and with on day 10 an SDS for length in breast-fed infants. Brain weight was related to RBC DHA and CE DHA contents on both day 10 and day 42 in formula-fed infants. Of the variances of brain growth parameters on day 42, 21–34% were explained by DHA status on day 42 and protein intake from days 10–42. Conclusion We conclude that parameters of early neonatal AA status are related to intra-uterine rather than to post-natal growth. Parameters of post-natal brain growth are related to RBC DHA and CE DHA contents on day 42, and to dietary protein intake. These results point to the importance of dietary DHA for brain growth in the first 6 post-natal weeks. Received: 23 July 1996 / Received in revised form and accepted: 18 June 1997     

牛奶及奶制品中兽药残留的监控

在食品安全领域中，兽药残留控制计划程序是一新的管理模式。本文较全面系统地阐述了食源性动物兽药的应用特点；制定监控计划的基本原则；主管机构、生产企业及检测实验室的主要责任；监控结果及反馈控制程序；监控样品抽取及传递程序；监控检测实验室及管理等各主要环节的制定原则及实施要点。为牛奶及奶制品中兽药残留监控计划的科学制定提供了系统的参考依据。     

新生儿母乳性黄疸的临床研究

目的　了解母乳性黄疸 (BMJ)患儿胆红素均值及峰值水平 ,探讨BMJ患儿胆红素增高对肝脏及心肌酶的影响 ,寻求最佳干预方案。方法　以 160例确诊为BMJ患儿为研究对象 ,观察黄疸出现及消退时间 ,并行经皮胆红素、血清胆红素测定及心肌酶谱、肝功能等检查 ,并将胆红素 >2 91μmol/L 80例患儿随机分成 4组治疗 ,并评价其疗效。结果　 1.BMJ胆红素高峰期在生后 2～ 4周 ,血清胆红素峰值和均值分别为 3 16μmol/L和 2 3 1μmol/L。黄疸消退时间为 6～ 12周 ;2 .经皮测胆红素与血清总胆红素呈正相关　r =0 .92 ;3 .BMJ患儿心肌酶、肝功能、总蛋白、清蛋白、球蛋白、碱性磷酸酶均在正常范围 ;4.继续母乳组、停止母乳组、光疗暂停母乳组、光疗继续母乳组患儿黄疸消退时间以光疗暂停母乳组与光疗继续母乳组患儿黄疸消退时间快 ,但两组间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5)。结论　 1.经皮测胆仪不仅可作为筛查、随访工具 ,且其结果可代替血清总胆红素作为指导治疗的依据 ;2 .BMJ患儿胆红素对肝功能、心肌酶无影响 ;3 .各组中以光疗不停母乳组黄疸消退时间最快 ,疗效最显著 ,故光疗时不必停母乳     

HBV携带产妇血清、乳汁HBV-DNA载量状态与实施母乳喂养安全性的研究

目的：探讨HBV携带产妇血清、乳汁HBV-DNA载量的不同状况与实施母乳喂养安全性的关系.方法：检测产妇血清、乳汁及婴儿血标本HBV-DNA载量.对母乳和人工两种喂养方式婴儿做追踪观察.结果：HBsAg、HBeAg双阳性产妇的血清、乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率分别为100%、49.45%（P＜0.01）.两种喂养方式婴儿的HBV感染率为15.63%和13.56%,无显著性差异;婴儿抗-HBs检测,母乳组抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）明显高于人工喂养组;结论：HBV携带产妇乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率和病毒载量明显低于血清.母乳喂养不影响母婴传播阻断效果,且有助于提高婴儿抗-HBs的GMT水平.     

高效液相色谱法测定乳汁中吗啡浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定剖宫产妇乳汁中吗啡的浓度.方法:取吗啡镇痛剖宫术产妇乳汁加碱调pH后,用氯仿-异丙醇(80:20)提取,离心,提取液氮气吹干,残渣用甲醇溶解定溶后进样分析;分离柱:μBondapak C18(3.9 mm×300mm,10μm),流动相:0.1 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠-甲醇(78:22),测定波长233 nm,流速1.04 mL·min-1.结果:乳汁中吗啡在0.5～24 mg·L-1范围内浓度与峰面积比呈良好的线形关系,r=0.999 8,最低检出浓度为0.05 mg·L-1.平均回收率为(99.2±0.8)%,日内及日间平均RSD分别为3.2%和4.9%.结论:该法测定剖宫产妇乳汁中吗啡浓度有良好的准确性,并操作简便,分析时间短,适合剖宫术产妇乳汁中吗啡浓度的测定.     

0～10月龄儿母亲乳汁锌的测定及其意义

目的 探讨不同哺乳期乳锌含量的差异及其对婴幼儿产生的影响,用于指导婴儿锌的补充.方法 采用原子吸收分光光谱仪对125例母乳锌含量进行测定,并比较不同哺乳期乳锌的差别.结果 不同年龄段母乳锌含量差别具有统计学意义(F=18.863,P=0.000).结论 母乳锌会在产后随婴儿月龄增加而逐渐下降,所以应适当及时的添加辅食,以保证婴幼儿的正常生长发育.