认知观点、饮食干预和运动指导对妊娠糖尿病的疗效评价

目的 调查妊娠糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）患者孕期膳食营养、认知观点和自我管理情况,探讨个性化饮食干预和运动指导对妊娠糖尿病患者的影响.方法 对41例明确诊断为GDM的孕妇进行问卷调查,通过logistic回归分析综合评价GDM患者遵循饮食控制的影响因素,制定个性化的饮食方案和运动方式,监测干预前后三餐血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）的数值变化,将干预前后的指标进行比较.结果 （1）认知：接受过饮食教育者37例（92.5％）;饮食态度上只有27.5％的患者认为仅饮食治疗就能有效控制血糖;食物对血糖的影响答题全部正确率为零,食物的描述答题全部正确率为2.5％.（2） logistic回归分析显示,年龄、文化程度、BMI、接受过饮食教育、定期自我监测血糖、定期到医院复查糖尿病是影响GDM患者遵循饮食控制的因素.（3）干预后的2hPG、HbA1c、TC、TG均较治疗前水平明显下降（P＜0.01）.结论 我国GDM患者饮食认知水平不高,年龄越大、文化程度越高、接受过饮食教育、定期复查及自我监测血糖者遵循饮食控制情况较好,个性化的饮食干预和运动指导对GDM患者有明显的治疗作用.     

Short Bouts of Intensive Exercise During the Workday Have a Positive Effect on Neuro‐cognitive Performance

Beside its positive impact on physical health, exercise is indicated to positively affect cognitive performance based on a relocation of cortical activity. This study examined the influence of different types of breaks on cognitive performance and related cortical activity in office‐based employees. Breaks were filled with exercise, resting or a usual break and a control condition where employees continued working without any break. Cognitive performance was assessed using the d2‐R test and two commercially available cognitive tasks. Brain cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography before and after breaks. Individual's mood was analysed using a profile of mood state. Results indicate a positive effect of a 3‐min boxing intervention on cognitive performance, mirrored by a decrease in prefrontal cortex activity. Although perceived psychological state was increased after the usual break, this is reflected in neither cortical activity nor cognitive performance. With respect to the fact that also bike activity resulted an increase in prefrontal alpha‐2 activity, a positive effect of exercise on neuro‐cognitive performance can be stated. Health and economic benefits may result from brief physical activity breaks and help to maintain workplace performance and job satisfaction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Cog Tool的数字界面交互行为认知模型仿真研究

目的确定人在视觉信息搜索中的通用认知模式,归纳符合用户认知模式的基本设计准则。方法在用户需求一致性的前提下,通过Cog Tool可视化仿真模型将用户交互过程中的每一步骤进行拆解分析,找出用户在面对不同界面引导作用下的内在认知规律,并探讨界面布局的不同对用户搜索用时的影响,同时结合眼动实验,对比用户在实际操作过程中与模拟操作情况下的认知差异。结果通过Cog Tool的仿真分析与眼动实验相结合的实验数值对比,将用户在交互过程中的内在认知规律提取出来。结论本研究提出的面向界面布局的设计准则,可帮助设计师提高信息认知效率。     

认知治疗对恢复期精神分裂症患者病耻感的影响

 目的 观察认知疗法对恢复期精神分裂症患者病耻感的影响。方法 将65例恢复期精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组33例和对照组32例:研究组使用药物联合认知治疗;对照组单纯使用药物治疗,以精神病患者病耻感评估量表(psychopath stigma scale)作为评定量表。结果 治疗8周后,研究组社交因子、能力因子和病耻感总分较对照组均有明显改善 (P<0.05),研究组中社交因子(13.76±4.53)、能力因子(7.18±2.54)、治疗因子(9.91±2.59)和病耻感总分均明显优于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而对照组各因子及病耻感总分治疗前与治疗后比较仅治疗因子有明显改善(11.97±4.07 vs 10.19±2.61,P<0.05)。结论 认知疗法能够降低恢复期精神分裂症患者病耻感,有利于提高患病官兵对部队生活的适应能力,提高对治疗的依从性,改善生活质量,对促进康复具有一定价值。     

社区老年高血压患者衰弱的动态列线图风险预测模型构建

目的 构建动态列线图预测模型,分析社区老年高血压患者衰弱的影响因素,为制定针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法 从中国健康与养老追踪调查随访数据库中提取高血压患者信息,以7∶3比例随机分为训练集(n=1 160)与验证集(n=494)。采用Lasso法筛选最佳预测变量,使用logistic回归模型分析高血压患者衰弱影响因素,并构建动态列线图。使用ROC曲线的曲线下面积、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验、校准曲线和决策曲线分析评估列线图的预测性能。结果 共筛选出1 654例老年高血压患者,其中560例(33.86%)并发衰弱。受教育程度、握力、BMI、抑郁、认知障碍、自评健康、代谢性疾病、心脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、胃肠道疾病10个变量纳入预测模型。预测模型在训练集和验证集的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.883(95%CI为0.863～0.903)和0.887(95%CI为0.857～0.916);Hosmer-Lemeshow检验值分别为P=0.825和P=0.410;校准曲线显示预测值和实际值之间存在显著一致性。决策曲线分析显示该模型具有良好的净效益和预测准确性。结论 动态列线图具有良好预测...     

术前认知衰弱对老年髋部骨折术后患者关节功能影响的纵向研究

目的 探讨术前认知衰弱对老年髋部骨折患者术后不同时点关节功能的影响。方法 方便抽样法选取206例老年髋部骨折患者,采用一般资料调查表、FRAIL量表、简易精神状态检查量表及老年髋部骨折功能恢复量表进行调查,采用广义估计方程对老年髋部骨折患者术后3个月内不同时点关节功能进行影响因素分析。结果 老年髋部骨折患者认知衰弱发生率为38.3%。认知衰弱和非认知衰弱患者术后髋关节功能评分均随着时间的推移而有所改善,同一时点两组评分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。术前认知衰弱与不同时点老年髋部骨折功能评分呈负相关(均P<0.5)。广义估计方程分析结果显示,年龄、共病指数、美国麻醉医师协会分级、血钠、白蛋白、康复锻炼时间、术后时间和认知衰弱是术后髋关节功能的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论 老年髋部骨折患者术前认知衰弱发生率高,对术后关节功能恢复存在负性影响,应注重术前认知衰弱评估,为衰弱预防和干预提供参考。     

基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练对养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的干预效果

目的 评价基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练对养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的干预效果。方法 将60例养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人按照居住的社会福利院分为对照组和干预组各30例。对照组采取常规的生活照护及文体娱乐活动干预,干预组在对照组的基础上给予基于严肃游戏的平板游戏及有氧运动双重任务训练12周。结果 干预组和对照组分别25例、26例老年人完成研究。干预后,干预组简版老年抑郁量表评分显著低于对照组,蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分及生活质量简表的生理总评分、心理总评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05),两组日常生活能力量表评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练有助于提高养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的认知功能,改善抑郁情绪,提高生活质量。     

静息态fMRI在无痴呆型血管性认知障碍基线脑活动变化中的初步研究

目的 利用基于低频振幅算法(ALFF)的静息功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术探讨无痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)与正常老年人静息状态下默认网络的改变情况.方法 将22例VCIND患者作为研究对象,23名正常老年人作为对照组,采用ALFF分析方法,比较两组平均脑ALFF图的差异.结果 VCIND患者在静息状态下较对照组在以下脑区ALFF值增高:左额下回/左颞上回(Maximum Z=-4.0682)、右额下回/右颞上回(Maximum Z=-3.9720)、左侧岛叶(Maximum Z=-3.5773);VCIND组患者在以下脑区出现ALFF值减低:舌回/小脑后叶(Maximum Z =3.8921)、前扣带皮层(Maximum Z=3.8081)、右楔叶/右舌回(Maximum Z=4.8272)、后扣带回/楔前叶(Maximum Z=3.9741)(P＜0.05).结论 VCIND患者在静息状态下ALFF有显著改变,主要表现为语言中枢等认知区域的局部ALFF增强及默认网络等功能连接点的ALFF减低.     

Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy

PURPOSE: To quantify the changes in brain water diffusivity in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) associated with cirrhosis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to correlate with neuropsychological (NP) scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI was performed in 14 patients with low-grade HE and age/gender-comparable 16 healthy controls. Whole brain mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were calculated, normalized to common space, smoothed, and compared voxel-by-voxel between groups using analysis of covariance with age included as a covariate. The average MD and FA values were also calculated from individual subjects for selected brain regions and correlated with the neuropsychological scores. RESULTS: Patients with HE showed increased MD in the cortical gray and white matter and the internal capsule. Less extensive brain regions with decreased FA were observed in the bilateral frontal and occipital white matter. MD values from the corpus callosum correlated inversely with several NP scores among HE patients and controls. Positive correlations were observed with FA values and cognitive scores. CONCLUSION: Voxel-based DTI analysis showed widespread brain regions with increased MD values, indicating enhanced water content and decreased FA in cirrhotic patients with HE. The MD and FA values from selected regions correlated with the NP scores.     

Cognitive dysfunction after minor surgery in the elderly

BACKGROUND: Major surgery is frequently associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients. Type of surgery and hospitalization may be important prognostic factors. The aims of the study were to find the incidence and risk factors for POCD in elderly patients undergoing minor surgery. METHODS: We enrolled 372 patients aged greater than 60 years scheduled for minor surgery under general anesthesia. According to local practice, patients were allocated to either in- (199) or out-patient (173) care. Cognitive function was assessed using neuropsychological testing preoperatively and 7 days and 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction was defined using Z-score analysis. RESULTS: At 7 days, the incidence (confidence interval) of POCD in patients undergoing minor surgery was 6.8% (4.3-10.1). At 3 months the incidence of POCD was 6.6% (4.1-10.0). Logistic regression analysis identified the following significant risk factors: age greater than 70 years (odds ratio [OR]: 3.8 [1.7-8.7], P = 0.01) and in- vs. out-patient surgery (OR: 2.8 [1.2-6.3], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of less cognitive dysfunction in the first postoperative week in elderly patients undergoing minor surgery on an out-patient basis supports a strategy of avoiding hospitalization of older patients when possible.