医院管理决策中统计信息的应用

医院决策层的决策及其对医院工作的指导和改进建议,都是在对医院以往各项统计数据进行认真分析总结的基础上进行的。实际上医院的统计工作的目的和意义,在一定程度上也正是为医院决策层的科学决策提供有价值的参考。医院决策层通过医院的统计数据,能够对上年度计划的执行情况进行监督和检查;掌握医疗设备及床位的配置和使用的真实情况,能够通过对住院患者疾病种类、死亡率、死因、住院费用对患者的影响等一系列信息的统计分析,制定有效的管理政策、充分利用医疗设备、降低死亡率,把握医疗市场的新动向,实现优质高效管理。     

Science to Practice: IT Solutions to Drive Standardized Report Recommendations for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Surveillance

Inadequate imaging surveillance has been identified as the most significant contributor to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture. Radiologists can contribute value to patient care and reduce morbidity and mortality related to AAA by incorporating evidence-based management recommendations from the ACR and Society of Vascular Surgery into their report impression. The challenges lie in achieving 100% radiologist compliance to incorporate the recommendations and ensuring that the patient is notified by their provider, the follow-up examination is scheduled, and the patient returns for an imaging test that may be scheduled 3 to 5 years in the future. To address these barriers, radiology quality and informatics leads have harnessed IT solutions to facilitate integration of content, communication of results, and patient follow-up.     

职业病网络报告系统用户权限管理现状及对策

目的分析职业病网络报告系统用户权限管理现状和问题,为进一步加强权限管理提出建议。方法将截至2018年4月底在"中国疾病预防控制信息系统"的用户身份认证管理系统——"用户认证与授权管理系统"注册的、与职业病网络报告工作相关的系统管理员、业务管理员、本级用户、直报用户,使用SPSS 23.0软件对数据进行处理,对用户分布、用户所在机构设置的用户数、用户权限情况等进行分析。结果职业病与职业卫生信息监测系统共有各级各类用户35 144个,其中直报用户最多(24 788个,占70.53%),业务管理员用户最少(2 138个,占6.08%)。直报用户均设为县区级,绝大部分分布在卫生院(11 208个,占45.22%)和医院(8 435个,占34.03%),88.74%的直报机构仅有1个直报账户,3.06%的直报机构有3个及以上直报账户,个别机构直报用户数甚至超过10个。本级用户分布在3 140家职业病报告业务管理机构中,个别地市级和县区级职业病业务管理机构具有5个以上的本级用户。各类机构中大部分用户设置的角色数在5个以内;有15 022个(占60.60%)直报用户使用了"所有报告卡直报角色",主要分布在卫生院。存在的主要问题:基层尤其是县区级职业病防治机构、职业病报告业务管理机构能力不足;部分基层机构用户数设置过多;部分用户权限设置不合理,业务管理员管理欠规范。结论加强基层职业病报告业务管理机构的能力,进一步规范各级各类机构用户和权限管理,业务管理员严格授权,国家出台细化的用户和权限管理规范等措施来进一步加强权限管理工作。     

Modeling Methods for Mixture-of-Mixtures Experiments Applied to a Tablet Formulation Problem

During the past few years, statistical methods for the experimental design, modeling, and optimization of mixture experiments have been widely applied to drug formulation problems. Different methods are required for mixture-of-mixtures (MoM) experiments in which a formulation is a mixture of two or more “major” components, each of which is a mixture of one or more “minor” components. Two types of MoM experiments are briefly described. A tablet formulation optimization example from a 1997 article in this journal is used to illustrate one type of MoM experiment and corresponding empirical modeling methods. Literature references that discuss other methods for MoM experiments are also provided.     

The comparison of ground reaction forces and lower limb muscles correlation and activation time delay between forward and backward walking

This study aimed to compare the ground reaction forces (GRF) and lower limb muscles correlation and activation time delay between Forward (FW) and Backward (BW) walking. Twenty-four male students participated in this research. Electromyogram activities of gluteus medius, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, soleus and anterior tibialis muscles along with GRFs were measured. Each participant performed two FW and two BW trials bare foot. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis was performed over anterior-posterior and vertical GRFs time series. The paired t-test was used in SPM analysis. Cross-correlation analysis compared similarity in shape and time delay of EMG pattern. SPM analysis of GRFs showed that these two walking modes have asymmetrical kinetic behavior during most parts of stance phase. Based on cross-correlation analysis, the shape of EMG activation profiles differed, where a phase shift in the muscle activation pattern of approximately 60% occurred. This shift may indicate different control mechanisms, at the spinal level, underpin FW and BW walking modalities.     

Integrating multiple-domain rules for disease classification

In psychiatry, clinicians use criteria sets from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to diagnose mental disorders. Most criteria sets have several symptom domains, and in order to be diagnosed, an individual must meet the minimum number of symptoms required by each domain. Some efforts are now focused on adding biomarkers to these symptom domains to facilitate the detection of and highlight the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders. Thus, a new criteria set may consist of both clinical symptom counts in several domains and continuous biomarkers. In this paper, we propose a method to integrate classification rules from multiple data sources to estimate an optimal criteria set. Each domain-specific rule can be counts of symptoms, a linear function of symptoms, or even nonparametric. The overall classification rule is the intersection of these domain-specific rules. Based on examining the expected population loss function, we propose two iterative algorithms using either support vector machines or logistic regression to fit intersection rules consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In simulation studies, these proposed methods are comparable with the true decision rule. The methods are applied to the motivating study to construct a criteria set for complicated grief. The developed criteria set shows a substantial improvement in sensitivity and specificity compared to the current standards on an independent validation study.     

The 24-h reporting of Gram stains from positive blood cultures contributes to physician's use of appropriate antimicrobials: Experience at a university hospital

Although recent technological advances for the diagnosis of bloodstream infection (BSI) provide rapid and accurate results, blood culture maintains a key role in the diagnosis of BSI. The objective of this study was to determine whether 24-h reporting by telephone to disclose the suspected microorganism based on the Gram stain morphology from positive blood cultures (first laboratory report) affects a physician's use of appropriate antimicrobials. A total of 627 (14%) out of 4413 blood samples, excluding duplicate samples from the same patient on the same day, were positive for blood cultures between January and December 2016. The contamination rate of blood cultures during the study period was 2.3%. Among 627 patients with positive blood cultures, 538 (86%) were receiving antibiotics at the time of the first laboratory report, of which 502 (80%) thereafter continued the same antimicrobials, and the remaining 36 (6%) were changed to appropriate antimicrobials after the first laboratory report. An additional 25 (4%) were newly administered appropriate antimicrobials after the first laboratory report, whereas an additional 21 (3%) were newly administered appropriate antimicrobials after infection control team (ICT)-intervention. The median time lag (interquartile ranges) from flagging culture bottles as positive to a physician's use of appropriate antimicrobials after the first laboratory report (4 h, 2–7) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter than that after ICT-intervention (12 h, 10–17). During the study period, no cases of discrepancy between the Gram stain morphology in the first laboratory report and definitive identification of microorganisms in the final laboratory report were observed. Because the timing of flagging culture bottles as positive tends to fall outside normal working hours, immediate 24-h reporting by telephone to disclose the suspected microorganism based on the Gram stain morphology from positive blood cultures may contribute to an early recognition of bacteremia and the physician's use of appropriate antimicrobials.