应用圆形分布法分析深圳市肾综合征出血热季节性特征

目的探讨深圳市肾综合征出血热（HFRS）发生的季节性特征,为制定防治策略提供依据。方法应用圆形分布法对深圳市2005-2009年肾综合征出血热疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 2005-2009年深圳市共报告肾综合征出血热145例,年发病率0.18/10万～0.49/10万。圆形分布统计结果显示发病高峰日为3月2日,季节性分布不明显（r=0.2329,P〉0.05）。结论深圳市近几年HFRS的发病呈散在分布,无明显的季节性,应制定相应的防控措施。     

Physicochemical properties and skin permeation of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes of ellagic acid

Ellagic acid (EA) is a potent antioxidant phytochemical substance which has limitation to use due to its poor biopharmaceutical properties, low solubility and low permeability. The aim of the present study was to develop niosomal formulations obtained from the mixture of Span 60 and Tween 60 that could encapsulate EA for dermal delivery. The EA-loaded niosomes were prepared with 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 0:1 Span 60 and Tween 60, using polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), propylene glycol (PG) or methanol (MeOH) as a solubilizer. The influence of formulations on vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and stability of EA-loaded niosomes was investigated. It was found that all ratios of surfactants could produce EA-loaded niosomes when using 15% (v/v) PG, 15% (v/v) PEG 400 or 20% (v/v) MeOH. The niosomes were spherical multilamellar vesicles showing the localization of EA in the vesicles. The vesicle sizes of the niosomes after extrusion were 124-752 nm with PI less than 0.4. The percentages of entrapment efficiency (% E.E.) of all EA-loaded niosomes varied between 1.35% and 26.75% while PEG 400 niosomes gave the highest % E.E. The most stable and highest entrapped formulation was 2:1 Span 60 and Tween 60 niosomes. Additionally, the in vitro skin permeation revealed that penetration of EA from the niosomes depended on vesicle size, the amount of EA entrapped and the added solubilizers which could act as a permeation enhancer. From skin distribution study, the EA-loaded niosomes showed more efficiency in the delivery of EA through human epidermis and dermis than EA solution. The results indicated that the Span 60 and Tween 60 niosomes may be a potential carrier for dermal delivery of EA.     

急诊监护病房感染患者病原菌分布及其耐药现状分析

目的对急诊监护病房感染患者病原菌分布及其耐药现状进行分析。方法抽取2009年1月-2011年1月我院收治的急诊监护病房感染患者128例,对其进行细菌分离和耐药性实验,并对结果进行总结性分析。结果128例患者中分离出106例菌株,基本上均具有耐药性,其中革兰阴性杆菌约占68％,革兰阳性球菌约占24％,真菌约占8％。结论在急诊监护病房中导致患者出现感染的原因比较复杂,值得临床深人探讨。     

小儿肺炎细菌病原学分析

目的探讨小儿肺炎的细菌病原学分布特点,以期更好地指导临床用药。方法对2009年10月~2011年10月于我院住院的126例小儿肺炎患儿常规深部痰培养,并进行细菌学检测。结果 126例患儿检出细菌68株,检出率53.97%(68/126)。其中革兰阴性(G-)菌55株(80.88%,55/68),肺炎克雷伯肺炎亚种及大肠埃希菌居前,分别占26.47%(18/68)及20.59%(14/68);检出革兰阳性(G+)菌13株(19.12%,13/68),检出率较高的为金葡菌8.82%(6/68)。结论小儿肺炎致病菌中以G-菌为主,肺炎克雷伯肺炎亚种、大肠埃希菌及金葡菌是该地区小儿肺炎的主要细菌病原菌。     

雾化吸入羟基喜树碱在小鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的:研究雾化吸入羟基喜树碱(HCPT)在小鼠体内和肺中以及其他脏器中的药代 动力学特征.方法:采用HPLC法测定不同时间点小鼠血浆和肺组织以及其他脏器组织中羟基喜树碱的内酯和盐型的浓度,并对雾化吸入给药后的血浆和各个脏器组织中的药物浓度数据进行药代动力学分析.结果:雾化吸入给药后,肺组织中的浓度远远高于血浆和其他器官组织,血浆和其他器官组织中药物浓度较低,并且在肺组织中,内酯型比例较高.结论:雾化吸入羟基喜树碱在肺癌中能达到靶器官中的高浓度和血浆中的低浓度,两者的药物动力学规律有所不同.     

Genetics and epigenetics of obesity

Obesity results from interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Despite a relatively high heritability of common, non-syndromic obesity (40-70%), the search for genetic variants contributing to susceptibility has been a challenging task. Genome wide association (GWA) studies have dramatically changed the pace of detection of common genetic susceptibility variants. To date, more than 40 genetic variants have been associated with obesity and fat distribution. However, since these variants do not fully explain the heritability of obesity, other forms of variation, such as epigenetics marks, must be considered. Epigenetic marks, or "imprinting", affect gene expression without actually changing the DNA sequence. Failures in imprinting are known to cause extreme forms of obesity (e.g. Prader-Willi syndrome), but have also been convincingly associated with susceptibility to obesity. Furthermore, environmental exposures during critical developmental periods can affect the profile of epigenetic marks and result in obesity. We review the most recent evidence for genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the susceptibility and development of obesity. Only a comprehensive understanding of the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and the metabolic processes they govern, will allow us to manage, and eventually prevent, obesity.     

Body fat distribution and organ weights of 14 common strains and a 22-strain consomic panel of rats

The goal of this study was to determine the adiposity of a range of rat strains, including a panel of consomics, to estimate heritability. To that end, we assessed the body fat distribution and organ weights of groups of adult male rats from 3 outbred strains, 11 inbred strains and 22 consomic strains. We measured the weights of the gonadal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, femoral, subscapular and pericardial white fat depots, the subscapular brown fat depot, the kidneys, liver, heart, spleen, and brain. Strains were compared for the measured weight of each of these adipose depots and organs, and also for these weights adjusted statistically for body size. All individual adipose depot and organ weights were highly heritable, in most cases h² > 0.50. The fourteen inbred and outbred rat strains were not very different in body length but there was a three-fold difference in body weight, and up to a twenty-fold difference in the weight of some adipose depots. Comparison of the FHH-Chr n^BN consomic strains with the FHH host strain revealed 98 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for body composition and organ weight, with the introgressed chromosome reducing weight or adiposity in most cases. These results can be used to guide the choice of appropriate rat strains for future studies of the genetic architecture of obesity and body size.     

A novel colony-print immunoassay reveals differential patterns of distribution and horizontal transmission of four unrelated mycoviruses in Rosellinia necatrix

A colony-print immunoassay (CPIA) using an anti-dsRNA antibody was developed to visualize the distribution of four unrelated mycoviruses with dsRNA genomes, a partitivirus (RnPV1), mycoreovirus (RnMyRV3), megabirnavirus (RnMBV1), and an unidentified virus (RnQV1), in mycelia of the white root rot fungus, Rosellinia necatrix. CPIA revealed different distribution patterns within single colonies for each virus. Both RnPV1 and RnMBV1 were distributed throughout single colonies, RnMyRV3 was absent from some colony sectors, and RnQV1 exhibited varied accumulation levels between sectors. RnMyRV3 and RnQV1 were transmitted to the recipient virus-free colonies of virus-infected and virus-free colony pairs more slowly than were RnPV1 or RnMBV1. The presence of RnMyRV3 in recipient colonies restricted horizontal transmission of RnPV1 and RnMBV1. These results imply that one or more mechanisms are present in host-virus and virus-virus interactions that restrict the spread of viruses within and between colonies.     

Breast cancer multifocality, disease extent, and survival

The prognostic information implied in subgross morphologic parameters such as lesion distribution (unifocal, multifocal, or diffuse) and disease extent in breast cancer has remained largely unexplored in the literature. We aimed to test whether these parameters influence survival in breast carcinoma. The parameters were assessed in a series of 574 cases, all documented in large-format histology sections. We used Cox proportional hazards regression accompanied by Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with P < .05 regarded as significant. The invasive component was unifocal in 62% (311/499), multifocal in 24% (122/499), and diffuse in 5% (26/499) of the cases. Combining the in situ and invasive tumor components resulted in 48% (274/574) unifocal, 25% (141/574) multifocal, and 20% (117/574) diffuse tumors. Sixty percent (347/574) of the tumors were categorized as having limited extent (occupying an area <40 mm in largest dimension) and 29% (164/574) as extensive. Highly significant (P < .0001) differences were observed in 10-year disease-specific cumulative survival among the cases with unifocal, multifocal, and diffuse invasive (89.6%, 76.0%, and 63.6%, respectively) and combined (92.3%, 82.3%, and 75.7%, respectively) lesion distribution. Patients with extensive tumors exhibited a significantly lower cumulative survival (P < .0001) compared with those with limited extent (91.6% and 75.5%) and a statistically significantly 1.89-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.37; P = .03) risk for breast cancer death after controlling for tumor attributes, type of surgery, and adjuvant therapy. The hazard ratio for breast cancer death for mutifocal and/or diffuse tumors versus unifocal ones was 1.96 (95%; 1.11-3.48; P = .02) after controlling for the same factors. Lesion distribution and disease extent represent important independent survival-related prognostic parameters in breast carcinoma.